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With the accomplishment of deep neural networks, face recognition methods have achieved great success in research and are now being applied at a human level. However, existing face recognition models fail to achieve state-of-the-art performance in recognizing occluded face images, which are common scenarios captured in the real world. One of the potential reasons for this is the lack of large-scale training datasets, requiring labour-intensive and costly labelling of the occlusions. To resolve these issues, we propose an Adversarially Learning Occlusions by Backpropagation (ALOB) model, a simple yet powerful double-network framework used to mitigate manual labelling by contrastively learning the corrupted features against personal identity labels, thereby maximizing the loss. To investigate the performance of the proposed method, we compared our model to the existing state-of-the-art methods, which function under the supervision of occlusion learning, in various experiments. Extensive experimentation on LFW, AR, MFR2, and other synthetic masked or occluded datasets confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed model in occluded face recognition by sustaining better results in terms of masked face recognition and general face recognition. For the AR datasets, the ALOB model outperformed other advanced methods by obtaining a 100% recognition rate for images with sunglasses (protocols 1 and 2). We also achieved the highest accuracies of 94.87%, 92.05%, 78.93%, and 71.57% TAR@FAR = 1 × 10−3 in LFW-OCC-2.0 and LFW-OCC-3.0, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method generalizes well in terms of FR and MFR, yielding superior results in three datasets, LFW, LFW-Masked, and MFR2, and producing accuracies of 98.77%, 97.62%, and 93.76%, respectively. |
