Academic Journal
COMBAT-C: COntrol of Major Bleeding by Application of Tourniquets over Clothing
| Title: | COMBAT-C: COntrol of Major Bleeding by Application of Tourniquets over Clothing |
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| Authors: | Raimund Lechner, Amelie Oberst, Yannick Beres, Benjamin Mayer, Martin Kulla, Björn Hossfeld, Holger Gässler |
| Source: | BMC Emergency Medicine, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2024) |
| Publisher Information: | BMC, 2024. |
| Publication Year: | 2024 |
| Collection: | LCC:Special situations and conditions LCC:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid |
| Subject Terms: | Combat application tourniquet, SAM extremity tourniquet, SOF tactical tourniquet – wide, Critical bleeding, Hapmed tourniquet trainer, Special situations and conditions, RC952-1245, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9 |
| More Details: | Abstract Introduction External bleeding is the leading cause of preventable trauma-related death. In certain circumstances, tourniquet application over clothing may be necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of tourniquets over different clothing setups. Methods Three windlass tourniquets (CAT, SAMXT, SOFTT-W) were applied over nine different clothing setups and without clothing on the Hapmed™ Tourniquet Trainer. We compared each tourniquet in each clothing setup to the tourniquet trainer that was not dressed, and we compared the three tourniquets within each clothing setup concerning blood loss, applied pressure and application time. Regression analysis of the effect of thickness, mean weight, mean deformation, application time, and applied pressure on blood loss was performed. Results Although blood loss was significantly greater in the CAT and SAMXT tourniquets when they were applied over leather motorcycle trousers, the overall findings showed that the clothing setups significantly reduced or did not affect blood loss. The mean blood loss was the lowest with CAT and the highest with SOFTT-W. The measured mean pressures were lower than 180 mmHg in four out of nine clothing setups with SOFTT-W, but CAT and SAMXT always exceeded this threshold. CAT had the fastest application time. Blood loss was significantly influenced by applied pressure and application time but was influenced to a far lesser degree by clothing parameters. Conclusion The effects of the clothing setups were of little clinical relevance, except for leather motorcycle trousers. The effects of rugged protective equipment, e.g., hazard suits, are conceivable and need to be tested for specific garments with the tourniquet intended for use. No clothing parameter for predicting tourniquet effectiveness could be identified. |
| Document Type: | article |
| File Description: | electronic resource |
| Language: | English |
| ISSN: | 1471-227X |
| Relation: | https://doaj.org/toc/1471-227X |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12873-024-01005-x |
| Access URL: | https://doaj.org/article/6540da78c6a1408a94272a09ac7273d7 |
| Accession Number: | edsdoj.6540da78c6a1408a94272a09ac7273d7 |
| Database: | Directory of Open Access Journals |
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| ISSN: | 1471227X |
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| DOI: | 10.1186/s12873-024-01005-x |
| Published in: | BMC Emergency Medicine |
| Language: | English |