| Abstract: |
There is a lack of nationally representative studies examining the co‐occurrence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. This study examines comorbid mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (MBDDs) and associated treatment modalities for children with co‐occurring ASD and ADHD. Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted using data from the pooled 2016–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (sample n = 102,341). Nationally representative prevalences were estimated for sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, psychotropic medication, and behavioral treatment. We assessed multivariable associations between co‐occurring ASD + ADHD and MBDDs, use of psychotropic medication, and receipt of behavioral treatment after adjustment for sociodemographic confounders. Compared to children with ASD without co‐occurring ADHD, children with ASD + ADHD had higher prevalence of most MBDDs, including anxiety (AOR 4.03 [95% CI 2.77, 4.87]), depression (AOR 3.08 [95% CI 1.77, 5.36]), behavior or conduct problems (AOR 4.06 [95% CI 2.72, 6.06]), and other mental health conditions. Similarly, compared to children with ADHD without ASD, children with ASD + ADHD had higher odds of anxiety (AOR 3.49 [95% CI 2.65, 4.61]), depression (AOR 1.67 [95% CI 1.21, 2.29]), behavior or conduct problems (AOR 2.31 [95% CI 1.68, 3.17]), and other mental health conditions. Children with ASD + ADHD were significantly more likely to take psychotropic medication than children with ASD without ADHD. Among children with ASD + ADHD, males had higher odds of receiving behavioral treatment, whereas older children and adolescents were more likely to take psychotropic medication. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to support the complex needs of these children. Lay Summary: This study examines mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (MBDDs) and associated treatment for children with co‐occurring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compared with children with ASD or ADHD alone, children with ASD + ADHD are more likely to have MBDDs and use psychotropic medication. Our research presents insights into the clinical characteristics of children with co‐occurring ASD + ADHD. Given the rising number of children with ADHD and ASD, findings have important implications for both public health policy and clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
