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Water Group Exospheres and Surface Interactions on the Moon, Mercury, and Ceres.

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Title: Water Group Exospheres and Surface Interactions on the Moon, Mercury, and Ceres.
Authors: Schörghofer, Norbert, Benna, Mehdi, Berezhnoy, Alexey A., Greenhagen, Benjamin, Jones, Brant M., Li, Shuai, Orlando, Thomas M., Prem, Parvathy, Tucker, Orenthal J., Wöhler, Christian
Source: Space Science Reviews; Sep2021, Vol. 217 Issue 6, p1-35, 35p
Subject Terms: SURFACE interactions, CERES (Dwarf planet), METEOROIDS, SOLAR system, MERCURY (Planet), LUNAR exploration, LUNAR surface, ELECTRON traps
Abstract: Water ice, abundant in the outer solar system, is volatile in the inner solar system. On the largest airless bodies of the inner solar system (Mercury, the Moon, Ceres), water can be an exospheric species but also occurs in its condensed form. Mercury hosts water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions near its poles that act as cold traps. Water ice is also present on the Moon, where these polar deposits are of great interest in the context of future lunar exploration. The lunar surface releases either OH or H2O during meteoroid showers, and both of these species are generated by reaction of implanted solar wind protons with metal oxides in the regolith. A consequence of the ongoing interaction between the solar wind and the surface is a surficial hydroxyl population that has been observed on the Moon. Dwarf planet Ceres has enough gravity to have a gravitationally-bound water exosphere, and also has permanently shadowed regions near its poles, with bright ice deposits found in the most long-lived of its cold traps. Tantalizing evidence for cold trapped water ice and exospheres of molecular water has emerged, but even basic questions remain open. The relative and absolute magnitudes of sources of water on Mercury and the Moon remain largely unknown. Exospheres can transport water to cold traps, but the efficiency of this process remains uncertain. Here, the status of observations, theory, and laboratory measurements is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Space Science Reviews is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Water Group Exospheres and Surface Interactions on the Moon, Mercury, and Ceres.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schörghofer%2C+Norbert%22">Schörghofer, Norbert</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Benna%2C+Mehdi%22">Benna, Mehdi</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Berezhnoy%2C+Alexey+A%2E%22">Berezhnoy, Alexey A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Greenhagen%2C+Benjamin%22">Greenhagen, Benjamin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jones%2C+Brant+M%2E%22">Jones, Brant M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Shuai%22">Li, Shuai</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Orlando%2C+Thomas+M%2E%22">Orlando, Thomas M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Prem%2C+Parvathy%22">Prem, Parvathy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tucker%2C+Orenthal+J%2E%22">Tucker, Orenthal J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wöhler%2C+Christian%22">Wöhler, Christian</searchLink>
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  Data: Space Science Reviews; Sep2021, Vol. 217 Issue 6, p1-35, 35p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SURFACE+interactions%22">SURFACE interactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CERES+%28Dwarf+planet%29%22">CERES (Dwarf planet)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22METEOROIDS%22">METEOROIDS</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SOLAR+system%22">SOLAR system</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MERCURY+%28Planet%29%22">MERCURY (Planet)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LUNAR+exploration%22">LUNAR exploration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LUNAR+surface%22">LUNAR surface</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ELECTRON+traps%22">ELECTRON traps</searchLink>
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  Data: Water ice, abundant in the outer solar system, is volatile in the inner solar system. On the largest airless bodies of the inner solar system (Mercury, the Moon, Ceres), water can be an exospheric species but also occurs in its condensed form. Mercury hosts water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions near its poles that act as cold traps. Water ice is also present on the Moon, where these polar deposits are of great interest in the context of future lunar exploration. The lunar surface releases either OH or H<subscript>2</subscript>O during meteoroid showers, and both of these species are generated by reaction of implanted solar wind protons with metal oxides in the regolith. A consequence of the ongoing interaction between the solar wind and the surface is a surficial hydroxyl population that has been observed on the Moon. Dwarf planet Ceres has enough gravity to have a gravitationally-bound water exosphere, and also has permanently shadowed regions near its poles, with bright ice deposits found in the most long-lived of its cold traps. Tantalizing evidence for cold trapped water ice and exospheres of molecular water has emerged, but even basic questions remain open. The relative and absolute magnitudes of sources of water on Mercury and the Moon remain largely unknown. Exospheres can transport water to cold traps, but the efficiency of this process remains uncertain. Here, the status of observations, theory, and laboratory measurements is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Space Science Reviews is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11214-021-00846-3
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: SURFACE interactions
        Type: general
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              Text: Sep2021
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