A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India
| Title: | A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Divya Persai, Rajmohan Panda |
| Source: | Tobacco Induced Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2018) |
| Publisher Information: | European Publishing, 2018. |
| Publication Year: | 2018 |
| Collection: | LCC:Diseases of the respiratory system LCC:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens |
| Subject Terms: | WCTOH, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282 |
| More Details: | Background Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is widely used screening instrument for physical nicotine dependence. Psychometric properties of FTND have been validated among cigarette smokers, but the reliability and validity of its variant for smokeless tobacco users and bidi smokers is not well documented. The present study aims to evaluate reliability, construct validity, and structure model of FTND among bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users. Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted among 1350 patients visiting primary care facilities in two states of India in 2016. FTND contains six items that evaluate the quantity of tobacco consumption and dependence. Cronbach´s coefficient alpha was estimated to evaluate reliability of the FTND scale. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component extraction and varimax with Kaiser Normalization rotation to ascertain the factor structure of the FTND scale. Eigen values greater than 1 were used as a criterion for factor extraction. Results Out of 1350 tobacco users 406 (30%) were smokers, 818(60%) were smokeless tobacco users with mean FTND scores of 4.29 ± 1.67 and 4.42 ± 1. 72 respectively. Cronbach´s alpha coefficients were low for FTND among bidi smokers (FTND-0.47) and smokeless tobacco users (FTND-0.32). FTND score did not predict the intention to quit tobacco use. The results of exploratory factor analysis suggest eigenvalues greater than1 for item 1(How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette) and Item 4 (How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?). The other items in the scale add no relevant information. Conclusions Items of the FTND are best modeled as two correlated factors on tobacco use. A short version of FTND i.e. Heaviness of smoking index may represent an alternative to FTND. Future research should focus on refining questionnaires that more precisely measure nicotine dependence in bidi and smokeless tobacco users in primary care. |
| Document Type: | article |
| File Description: | electronic resource |
| Language: | English |
| ISSN: | 1617-9625 |
| Relation: | http://www.journalssystem.com/tid/A-factor-analysis-of-the-Fagerstrom-Test-for-Nicotine-Dependence-for-bidi-smokers,84303,0,2.html; https://doaj.org/toc/1617-9625 |
| DOI: | 10.18332/tid/84303 |
| Access URL: | https://doaj.org/article/f0c6659f4b154137bd6be3cad68d1dd4 |
| Accession Number: | edsdoj.f0c6659f4b154137bd6be3cad68d1dd4 |
| Database: | Directory of Open Access Journals |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Divya+Persai%22">Divya Persai</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rajmohan+Panda%22">Rajmohan Panda</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: Tobacco Induced Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2018) – Name: Publisher Label: Publisher Information Group: PubInfo Data: European Publishing, 2018. – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Year Group: Date Data: 2018 – Name: Subset Label: Collection Group: HoldingsInfo Data: LCC:Diseases of the respiratory system<br />LCC:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22WCTOH%22">WCTOH</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diseases+of+the+respiratory+system%22">Diseases of the respiratory system</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22RC705-779%22">RC705-779</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neoplasms%2E+Tumors%2E+Oncology%2E+Including+cancer+and+carcinogens%22">Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22RC254-282%22">RC254-282</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Description Group: Ab Data: Background Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is widely used screening instrument for physical nicotine dependence. Psychometric properties of FTND have been validated among cigarette smokers, but the reliability and validity of its variant for smokeless tobacco users and bidi smokers is not well documented. The present study aims to evaluate reliability, construct validity, and structure model of FTND among bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users. Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted among 1350 patients visiting primary care facilities in two states of India in 2016. FTND contains six items that evaluate the quantity of tobacco consumption and dependence. Cronbach´s coefficient alpha was estimated to evaluate reliability of the FTND scale. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component extraction and varimax with Kaiser Normalization rotation to ascertain the factor structure of the FTND scale. Eigen values greater than 1 were used as a criterion for factor extraction. Results Out of 1350 tobacco users 406 (30%) were smokers, 818(60%) were smokeless tobacco users with mean FTND scores of 4.29 ± 1.67 and 4.42 ± 1. 72 respectively. Cronbach´s alpha coefficients were low for FTND among bidi smokers (FTND-0.47) and smokeless tobacco users (FTND-0.32). FTND score did not predict the intention to quit tobacco use. The results of exploratory factor analysis suggest eigenvalues greater than1 for item 1(How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette) and Item 4 (How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?). The other items in the scale add no relevant information. Conclusions Items of the FTND are best modeled as two correlated factors on tobacco use. A short version of FTND i.e. Heaviness of smoking index may represent an alternative to FTND. Future research should focus on refining questionnaires that more precisely measure nicotine dependence in bidi and smokeless tobacco users in primary care. – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: article – Name: Format Label: File Description Group: SrcInfo Data: electronic resource – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 1617-9625 – Name: NoteTitleSource Label: Relation Group: SrcInfo Data: http://www.journalssystem.com/tid/A-factor-analysis-of-the-Fagerstrom-Test-for-Nicotine-Dependence-for-bidi-smokers,84303,0,2.html; https://doaj.org/toc/1617-9625 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.18332/tid/84303 – Name: URL Label: Access URL Group: URL Data: <link linkTarget="URL" linkTerm="https://doaj.org/article/f0c6659f4b154137bd6be3cad68d1dd4" linkWindow="_blank">https://doaj.org/article/f0c6659f4b154137bd6be3cad68d1dd4</link> – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: edsdoj.f0c6659f4b154137bd6be3cad68d1dd4 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.18332/tid/84303 Languages: – Text: English Subjects: – SubjectFull: WCTOH Type: general – SubjectFull: Diseases of the respiratory system Type: general – SubjectFull: RC705-779 Type: general – SubjectFull: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens Type: general – SubjectFull: RC254-282 Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Divya Persai – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rajmohan Panda IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 03 Type: published Y: 2018 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 16179625 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 16 – Type: issue Value: 1 Titles: – TitleFull: Tobacco Induced Diseases Type: main |
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