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Extracellular RNA in Central Nervous System Pathologies

Bibliographic Details
Title: Extracellular RNA in Central Nervous System Pathologies
Authors: Katharina Tielking, Silvia Fischer, Klaus T. Preissner, Peter Vajkoczy, Ran Xu
Source: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Vol 12 (2019)
Publisher Information: Frontiers Media S.A., 2019.
Publication Year: 2019
Collection: LCC:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Subject Terms: extracellular RNA, extracellular vesicles, neuroinflammation, CNS pathologies, glioblastoma multiforme, brain metastasis, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
More Details: The discovery of extracellular RNA (exRNA) has shifted our understanding of the role of RNA in complex cellular functions such as cell-to-cell communication and a variety of pathologies. ExRNAs constitute a heterogenous group of RNAs ranging from small (such as microRNAs) and long non-coding to coding RNAs or ribosomal RNAs. ExRNAs can be liberated from cells in a free form or bound to proteins as well as in association with microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. Their composition and quantity depend heavily on the cellular or non-cellular component, the origin, and the RNA species being investigated; ribosomal RNA provides the majority of exRNA and miRNAs are predominantly associated with exosomes or MVs. Several studies showed that ribosomal exRNA (rexRNA) constitutes a proinflammatory and prothrombotic alarmin. It is released by various cell types upon inflammatory stimulation and by damaged cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis and contributes to innate immunity responses. This exRNA has the potential to directly promote the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 from immune cells, thereby leading to a proinflammatory environment and promoting cardiovascular pathologies. The potential role of exRNA in different pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) has become of increasing interest in recent years. Although various exRNA species including both ribosomal exRNA as well as miRNAs have been associated with CNS pathologies, their precise roles remain to be further elucidated. In this review, the different entities of exRNA and their postulated roles in CNS pathologies including tumors, vascular pathologies and neuroinflammatory diseases will be discussed. Furthermore, the potential role of exRNAs as diagnostic markers for specific CNS diseases will be outlined, as well as possible treatment strategies addressing exRNA inhibition or interference.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 1662-5099
Relation: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00254/full; https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5099
DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00254
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/e98d4a4039d944f9b82a3b0c01e217dd
Accession Number: edsdoj.98d4a4039d944f9b82a3b0c01e217dd
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Data: Extracellular RNA in Central Nervous System Pathologies
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Katharina+Tielking%22">Katharina Tielking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Silvia+Fischer%22">Silvia Fischer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Klaus+T%2E+Preissner%22">Klaus T. Preissner</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peter+Vajkoczy%22">Peter Vajkoczy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ran+Xu%22">Ran Xu</searchLink>
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  Data: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Vol 12 (2019)
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  Data: LCC:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22extracellular+RNA%22">extracellular RNA</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22extracellular+vesicles%22">extracellular vesicles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22neuroinflammation%22">neuroinflammation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CNS+pathologies%22">CNS pathologies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22glioblastoma+multiforme%22">glioblastoma multiforme</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22brain+metastasis%22">brain metastasis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurosciences%2E+Biological+psychiatry%2E+Neuropsychiatry%22">Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22RC321-571%22">RC321-571</searchLink>
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  Data: The discovery of extracellular RNA (exRNA) has shifted our understanding of the role of RNA in complex cellular functions such as cell-to-cell communication and a variety of pathologies. ExRNAs constitute a heterogenous group of RNAs ranging from small (such as microRNAs) and long non-coding to coding RNAs or ribosomal RNAs. ExRNAs can be liberated from cells in a free form or bound to proteins as well as in association with microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. Their composition and quantity depend heavily on the cellular or non-cellular component, the origin, and the RNA species being investigated; ribosomal RNA provides the majority of exRNA and miRNAs are predominantly associated with exosomes or MVs. Several studies showed that ribosomal exRNA (rexRNA) constitutes a proinflammatory and prothrombotic alarmin. It is released by various cell types upon inflammatory stimulation and by damaged cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis and contributes to innate immunity responses. This exRNA has the potential to directly promote the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 from immune cells, thereby leading to a proinflammatory environment and promoting cardiovascular pathologies. The potential role of exRNA in different pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) has become of increasing interest in recent years. Although various exRNA species including both ribosomal exRNA as well as miRNAs have been associated with CNS pathologies, their precise roles remain to be further elucidated. In this review, the different entities of exRNA and their postulated roles in CNS pathologies including tumors, vascular pathologies and neuroinflammatory diseases will be discussed. Furthermore, the potential role of exRNAs as diagnostic markers for specific CNS diseases will be outlined, as well as possible treatment strategies addressing exRNA inhibition or interference.
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      – SubjectFull: extracellular RNA
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: extracellular vesicles
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      – SubjectFull: neuroinflammation
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