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Dynamics of viral shedding during ancestral or Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhancement of pre-existing immunity during breakthrough infections

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Title: Dynamics of viral shedding during ancestral or Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhancement of pre-existing immunity during breakthrough infections
Authors: Carla Saade, Karen Brengel-Pesce, Alexandre Gaymard, Mary-Anne Trabaud, Gregory Destras, Guy Oriol, Valérie Cheynet, Marion Debombourg, Bouchra Mokdad, Geneviève Billaud, Antoine Oblette, Hervé Créhalet, Jean-Marc Giannoli, Christine Garrigou, Laurence Generenaz, Christelle Compagnon, André Boibieux, Bruno Lina, Florence Morfin, Bruno Pozzetto, Laurence Josset, Sophie Touillet-Assant, Antonin Bal
Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 2423-2432 (2022)
Publisher Information: Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
Publication Year: 2022
Collection: LCC:Infectious and parasitic diseases
LCC:Microbiology
Subject Terms: SARS-CoV-2, viral shedding, Omicron, viral culture, infectiousness, vaccine-immunity, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Microbiology, QR1-502
More Details: Omicron variant is circulating in the presence of a globally acquired immunity unlike the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 isolate. Herein, we investigated the normalized viral load dynamics and viral culture status in 44 fully vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) infected with the Omicron BA.1 variant. Viral load dynamics of 38 unvaccinated HCWs infected with the 20A variant during the first pandemic wave was also studied. We then explored the impact of Omicron infection on pre-existing immunity assessing anti-RBD IgG levels, neutralizing antibody titres against 19A, Delta and Omicron isolates, as well as IFN-γ release following cell stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. We reported that two weeks after diagnosis a greater proportion of HCWs infected with 20A (78.9%, 15/19) than with Omicron BA.1 (44.7%, 17/38; p = 0.02) were still positive by RT-qPCR. We found that Omicron breakthrough infections led to an overall enhancement of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity as soon as a median [interquartile range] of 8 [7–9] days post symptom onset. Among samples with similar high viral loads, non-culturable samples exhibited higher neutralizing antibody titres and anti-RBD IgG levels than culturable samples. Additionally, Omicron infection led to an enhancement of antibodies neutralization capacity against other SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Taken together, the results suggest that Omicron BA.1 vaccine breakthrough infection is associated with a faster viral clearance than that of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, in addition this new variant leads to a rapid enhancement of the humoral response against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, and of the cellular response.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 22221751
2222-1751
Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2222-1751
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122578
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/9645da4b8cb746f187bfbc413f4f2a16
Accession Number: edsdoj.9645da4b8cb746f187bfbc413f4f2a16
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Data: Omicron variant is circulating in the presence of a globally acquired immunity unlike the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 isolate. Herein, we investigated the normalized viral load dynamics and viral culture status in 44 fully vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) infected with the Omicron BA.1 variant. Viral load dynamics of 38 unvaccinated HCWs infected with the 20A variant during the first pandemic wave was also studied. We then explored the impact of Omicron infection on pre-existing immunity assessing anti-RBD IgG levels, neutralizing antibody titres against 19A, Delta and Omicron isolates, as well as IFN-γ release following cell stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. We reported that two weeks after diagnosis a greater proportion of HCWs infected with 20A (78.9%, 15/19) than with Omicron BA.1 (44.7%, 17/38; p = 0.02) were still positive by RT-qPCR. We found that Omicron breakthrough infections led to an overall enhancement of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity as soon as a median [interquartile range] of 8 [7–9] days post symptom onset. Among samples with similar high viral loads, non-culturable samples exhibited higher neutralizing antibody titres and anti-RBD IgG levels than culturable samples. Additionally, Omicron infection led to an enhancement of antibodies neutralization capacity against other SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Taken together, the results suggest that Omicron BA.1 vaccine breakthrough infection is associated with a faster viral clearance than that of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, in addition this new variant leads to a rapid enhancement of the humoral response against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, and of the cellular response.
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