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Radiation Limits the Yield Potential of Main Crops Under Selected Agrivoltaic Designs—A Case Study of a New Shading Simulation Method

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Title: Radiation Limits the Yield Potential of Main Crops Under Selected Agrivoltaic Designs—A Case Study of a New Shading Simulation Method
Authors: Sabina Thaler, Karl Berger, Josef Eitzinger, Abdollahi Mahnaz, Vitore Shala-Mayrhofer, Shokufeh Zamini, Philipp Weihs
Source: Agronomy, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2511 (2024)
Publisher Information: MDPI AG, 2024.
Publication Year: 2024
Collection: LCC:Agriculture
Subject Terms: hemispherical photographs, digital image processing, HemiView, crop growth model, DSSAT, renewable energy, Agriculture
More Details: Agrivoltaics (APVs) represent a growing technology in Europe that enables the co-location of energy and food production in the same field. Photosynthesis requires photosynthetic active radiation, which is reduced by the shadows cast on crops by APV panels. The design of the module rows, material, and field orientation significantly influences the radiation distribution on the ground. In this context, we introduce an innovative approach for the effective simulation of the shading effects of various APV designs. We performed an extensive sensitivity analysis of the photovoltaic (PV) geometry influence on the ground-incident radiation and crop growth of selected cultivars. Simulations (2013–2021) for three representative arable crops in eastern Austria (winter wheat, spring barley, and maize) and seven different APV designs that only limited to the shading effect showed that maize and spring barley experienced the greatest annual above-ground biomass and grain yield reduction (up to 25%), with significant differences between the APV design and the weather conditions. While spring barley had similar decreases within the years, maize was characterized by high variability. Winter wheat had only up to a 10% reduction due to shading and a reduced photosynthetic performance. Cold/humid/cloudy weather during the growing season had more negative yield effects under APVs than dry/hot periods, particularly for summer crops such as maize. The lowest grain yield decline was achieved for all three crops in the APV design in which the modules were oriented to the east at a height of 5 m and mounted on trackers with an inclination of +/−50°. This scenario also resulted in the highest land equivalent ratios (LERs), with values above 1.06. The correct use of a tracker on APV fields is crucial for optimizing agricultural yields and electricity production.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 2073-4395
Relation: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2511; https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395
DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14112511
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/7d4a8e791c134177996eeccb962740b0
Accession Number: edsdoj.7d4a8e791c134177996eeccb962740b0
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Data: Radiation Limits the Yield Potential of Main Crops Under Selected Agrivoltaic Designs—A Case Study of a New Shading Simulation Method
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sabina+Thaler%22">Sabina Thaler</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Karl+Berger%22">Karl Berger</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Josef+Eitzinger%22">Josef Eitzinger</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdollahi+Mahnaz%22">Abdollahi Mahnaz</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vitore+Shala-Mayrhofer%22">Vitore Shala-Mayrhofer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shokufeh+Zamini%22">Shokufeh Zamini</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Philipp+Weihs%22">Philipp Weihs</searchLink>
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  Data: Agronomy, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2511 (2024)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22hemispherical+photographs%22">hemispherical photographs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22digital+image+processing%22">digital image processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22HemiView%22">HemiView</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22crop+growth+model%22">crop growth model</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DSSAT%22">DSSAT</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22renewable+energy%22">renewable energy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agriculture%22">Agriculture</searchLink>
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  Data: Agrivoltaics (APVs) represent a growing technology in Europe that enables the co-location of energy and food production in the same field. Photosynthesis requires photosynthetic active radiation, which is reduced by the shadows cast on crops by APV panels. The design of the module rows, material, and field orientation significantly influences the radiation distribution on the ground. In this context, we introduce an innovative approach for the effective simulation of the shading effects of various APV designs. We performed an extensive sensitivity analysis of the photovoltaic (PV) geometry influence on the ground-incident radiation and crop growth of selected cultivars. Simulations (2013–2021) for three representative arable crops in eastern Austria (winter wheat, spring barley, and maize) and seven different APV designs that only limited to the shading effect showed that maize and spring barley experienced the greatest annual above-ground biomass and grain yield reduction (up to 25%), with significant differences between the APV design and the weather conditions. While spring barley had similar decreases within the years, maize was characterized by high variability. Winter wheat had only up to a 10% reduction due to shading and a reduced photosynthetic performance. Cold/humid/cloudy weather during the growing season had more negative yield effects under APVs than dry/hot periods, particularly for summer crops such as maize. The lowest grain yield decline was achieved for all three crops in the APV design in which the modules were oriented to the east at a height of 5 m and mounted on trackers with an inclination of +/−50°. This scenario also resulted in the highest land equivalent ratios (LERs), with values above 1.06. The correct use of a tracker on APV fields is crucial for optimizing agricultural yields and electricity production.
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