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General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

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Title: General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span
Authors: Luca Moretti, Carlo Semenza, Antonino Vallesi
Source: Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 9 (2018)
Publisher Information: Frontiers Media S.A., 2018.
Publication Year: 2018
Collection: LCC:Psychology
Subject Terms: task-switching, speed of processing, transparent cue, cognitive aging, cognitive reserve, Psychology, BF1-990
More Details: Objective: This study considered the potential role of both protective factors (cognitive reserve, CR) and adverse ones (general slowing) in modulating cognitive flexibility in the adult life-span.Method: Ninety-eight individuals performed a task-switching (TS) paradigm in which we adopted a manipulation concerning the timing between the cue and the target. Working memory demands were minimized by using transparent cues. Additionally, indices of cognitive integrity, depression, processing speed and different CR dimensions were collected and used in linear models accounting for TS performance under the different time constraints.Results: The main results showed similar mixing costs and higher switching costs in older adults, with an overall age-dependent effect of general slowing on these costs. The link between processing speed and TS performance was attenuated when participants had more time to prepare. Among the different CR indices, formal education only was associated with reduced switch costs under time pressure.Discussion: Even though CR is often operationalized as a unitary construct, the present research confirms the benefits of using tools designed to distinguish between different CR dimensions. Furthermore, our results provide empirical support to the assumption that processing speed influence on executive performance depends on time constraints. Finally, it is suggested that whether age differences appear in terms of switch or mixing costs depends on working memory demands (which were low in our tasks with transparent cues).
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 1664-1078
Relation: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00630/full; https://doaj.org/toc/1664-1078
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00630
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/53e476d009ba486f98c5965b49b0e2ae
Accession Number: edsdoj.53e476d009ba486f98c5965b49b0e2ae
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Data: General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span
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  Data: Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 9 (2018)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22task-switching%22">task-switching</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22speed+of+processing%22">speed of processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22transparent+cue%22">transparent cue</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22cognitive+aging%22">cognitive aging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22cognitive+reserve%22">cognitive reserve</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychology%22">Psychology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22BF1-990%22">BF1-990</searchLink>
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  Data: Objective: This study considered the potential role of both protective factors (cognitive reserve, CR) and adverse ones (general slowing) in modulating cognitive flexibility in the adult life-span.Method: Ninety-eight individuals performed a task-switching (TS) paradigm in which we adopted a manipulation concerning the timing between the cue and the target. Working memory demands were minimized by using transparent cues. Additionally, indices of cognitive integrity, depression, processing speed and different CR dimensions were collected and used in linear models accounting for TS performance under the different time constraints.Results: The main results showed similar mixing costs and higher switching costs in older adults, with an overall age-dependent effect of general slowing on these costs. The link between processing speed and TS performance was attenuated when participants had more time to prepare. Among the different CR indices, formal education only was associated with reduced switch costs under time pressure.Discussion: Even though CR is often operationalized as a unitary construct, the present research confirms the benefits of using tools designed to distinguish between different CR dimensions. Furthermore, our results provide empirical support to the assumption that processing speed influence on executive performance depends on time constraints. Finally, it is suggested that whether age differences appear in terms of switch or mixing costs depends on working memory demands (which were low in our tasks with transparent cues).
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      – SubjectFull: speed of processing
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      – SubjectFull: transparent cue
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