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A child with a novel ACAN missense variant mimicking a septic arthritis

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Title: A child with a novel ACAN missense variant mimicking a septic arthritis
Authors: Angelo Florio, Riccardo Papa, Roberta Caorsi, Alessandro Consolaro, Roberto Gastaldi, Marco Gattorno, Paolo Picco
Source: Italian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 45, Iss 1, Pp 1-3 (2019)
Publisher Information: BMC, 2019.
Publication Year: 2019
Collection: LCC:Pediatrics
Subject Terms: Pediatric rheumatology, Arthritis, Osteochondritis dissecans, ACAN, Aggrecanopathy, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
More Details: Abstract Heterozygous mutations of the ACAN gene have been associated with a broad spectrum of non-lethal skeletal dysplasias, called Aggrecanopathies. We report a case of a child with severe inflammatory elbow involvement mimicking septic arthritis who carried the new ACAN missense variant c.6970 T > C, p.Trp2324Arg. The comprehensive clinical evaluation of the patient and his family, focused on the associated clinical features (facial dysmorphisms, short stature, brachydactily), led us to suspect a hereditary condition. Our findings suggest that Aggrecanopathies should be considered in children with familial short stature, poor growth spurt and joint involvement.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 1824-7288
Relation: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13052-019-0719-6; https://doaj.org/toc/1824-7288
DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0719-6
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/23d7151bef134996b5d8fa77ab79cdb0
Accession Number: edsdoj.23d7151bef134996b5d8fa77ab79cdb0
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Value: <anid>AN0139772225;[1d4r]20nov.19;2019Nov22.05:25;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0139772225-1">A child with a novel ACAN missense variant mimicking a septic arthritis </title> <p>Heterozygous mutations of the ACAN gene have been associated with a broad spectrum of non-lethal skeletal dysplasias, called Aggrecanopathies. We report a case of a child with severe inflammatory elbow involvement mimicking septic arthritis who carried the new ACAN missense variant c.6970 T > C, p.Trp2324Arg. The comprehensive clinical evaluation of the patient and his family, focused on the associated clinical features (facial dysmorphisms, short stature, brachydactily), led us to suspect a hereditary condition. Our findings suggest that Aggrecanopathies should be considered in children with familial short stature, poor growth spurt and joint involvement.</p> <p>Keywords: Pediatric rheumatology; Arthritis; Osteochondritis dissecans; ACAN; Aggrecanopathy</p> <p>Angelo Florio and Riccardo Papa contributed equally to this work.</p> <p> <emph>Sir,</emph> </p> <p>Aggrecan is a chondroitin sulphated proteoglycan encoded by the <emph>ACAN</emph> gene with essential structural functions in the extracellular matrix of cartilages [[<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>]]. Heterozygous <emph>ACAN</emph> mutations have been associated with a broad spectrum of non-lethal skeletal dysplasias, called Aggrecanopathies, including spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Kimberly type spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant short stature, early onset osteoarthritis and recurrent osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) [[<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref2">2</reflink>]–[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref3">5</reflink>]].</p> <p>Here, we present a child with severe inflammatory elbow involvement mimicking septic arthritis who carried a new missense variant of the <emph>ACAN</emph> gene.</p> <p>A 14-year-old boy developed swelling and pain at the right elbow after a physical effort. Symptoms were not associated to other systemic inflammatory signs and worsened during the following days, leading to a severe joint limitation. Laboratory tests and X-ray of the right elbow were normal. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were administered for a month without any improvement.</p> <p>The patient was admitted to our Institute after 2 months of symptoms onset. On physical examination, acute arthritis of the right elbow was present: it appeared painful and warm, without local erythema. Laboratory tests showed slight elevation of the acute phase reactants (C reactive protein 1.7 mg/dl, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 26 mm/h). Ultrasound revealed a distension of coronoid and olecranon recess with thickening of the synovial membrane. Arthrocentesis was performed: culture tests and cell count of synovial fluid ruled out a septic arthritis. Elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a bone fragment detachment from the humeral condyle (Fig. 1a) and diagnosis of OCD was made.</p> <p>Graph: Fig. 1 Main features of our patient. Sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the right elbow shows joint distention, synovial thickening, and spongious edema of the humeral condyle with nidus (a, arrow tip). X-ray of the left hand shows bone age delay of 2 years with 4th metacarpal bone brachydactyly (b, arrow tip). CDC growth chart of the patient (c, T = target height). Family pedigree (d)</p> <p>At physical examination, minor skeletal dysmorphisms were noted such as dolichocephaly, hypotelorism, arched palate and brachydactyly of the IV fingers. Moreover, the parents reported a previous episode of OCD at the right knee and pediatric endocrinological evaluations because of severe growth retardation (height always below − 2 SDS).</p> <p>Notably, when the patient was aging 8 years, short stature was documented (height 112 cm, − 2.4 SDS): insulin tolerance test and L-arginin stimulation test disclosed blunted growth hormone (GH) response (3.16 ng/ml and 14.3 ng/ml maximum peak, respectively). Normal plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was detected. Since growth retardation persisted, a further endocrinological evaluation was performed when he was 10 (height 121.4 cm, − 2.5 SDS). X-ray of the left hand revealed a bone age delay of 2 years according the Greulich and Pyle atlas, associated with brachydactyly of the 4th finger (Fig. 1b). Brain MRI showed a partially empty sella without anterior pituitary gland abnormalities. Since the insulin tolerance test showed a hypoglycemic-induced GH peak of 6.27 ng/ml, the diagnosis of isolated GH deficit was pointed out and recombinant human GH (rhGH) treatment started. Nonetheless, poor growth spurt and impaired height velocity rate (− 3.5 SDS) were documented despite the increasing dose of rhGH (Fig. 1c).</p> <p>The patient was admitted to our Institute with a suspiction of septic arthritis; after the diagnosis of the elbow OCD, we critically re-evaluated the patient history. Namely, i) recurrent episodes of OCD, ii) short stature poorly responsive to the rhGH treatment, and iii) mild skeletal and facial dysmorphisms, led us to hypothesize a form of Aggrecanopathy.</p> <p>Molecular analysis of the <emph>ACAN</emph> gene by Sanger sequencing revealed the novel missense variant c.6970 T > C, p.Trp2324Arg in the G3 domain of the protein. Intra-familial molecular analysis detected the same variant in the mother, who showed short stature (height 152 cm, − 1.7 SDS), and his two siblings who displayed short stature and brachydactyly, without history of OCD (Fig. 1d).</p> <p>Since the c.7249G > A variant of the Aggrecan G3 domain has already been described in patients with OCD, short stature, and early-onset osteoarthritis [[<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref4">6</reflink>]], it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the <emph>ACAN</emph> missense variant can explain the overall clinical features of our patient and his family. Moreover, the atypical presentation of our patient highlights a possible role of this new <emph>ACAN</emph> gene variant in joint involvement.</p> <p>In conclusion, we report a case of Aggrecanopathy where an inflammatory process of the joint mimicking a septic arthritis was the most significant symptom. A comprehensive paediatric evaluation focused on his clinical features (facial dysmorphisms, short stature, and brachydactily) led us to the correct diagnosis and to find other affected family members. Our findings suggest that Aggrecanopathies should be considered in children with familial short stature, poor growth spurt and recurrent inflammatory joint involvement.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-2">Funding</hd> <p>The authors declare that they have no funding for this study.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-3">Acknowledgements</hd> <p>The authors would like to thank the patient and family for the consent to publish the data and Dr. Tuula Rinne to perform the molecular analysis.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-4">Authors' contributions</hd> <p>AF, RP, RC, AC drafted the manuscript. RG, MG, PP reviewed the manuscript. All Authors approved the final version as submitted.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-5">Availability of data and materials</hd> <p>The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-6">Ethics approval and consent to participate</hd> <p>Not applicable.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-7">Consent for publication</hd> <p>The authors declare that they have obtained the consent for publication from the described patient and family.</p> <hd id="AN0139772225-8">Competing interests</hd> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p> <p></p> <p>• GH</p> <p></p> <ulist> <item> Growth hormone</item> <p></p> </ulist> <p>• OCD</p> <p></p> <ulist> <item> Osteochondritis dissecans</item> <p></p> </ulist> <p>• rhGH</p> <p></p> <ulist> <item> Recombinant human GH</item> </ulist> <hd id="AN0139772225-9">Publisher's Note</hd> <p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p> <ref id="AN0139772225-10"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Lauing KL, Cortes M, Domowicz MS. Aggrecan is required for growth plate cytoarchitecture and differentiation. Dev Biol. 2014; 396: 224-236. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.005</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref2" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Tompson SW, Merriman B, Funari VA. A recessive skeletal dysplasia, SEMD aggrecan type, results from a missense mutation affecting the Ctypelectin domain of aggrecan. Am J Hum Genet. 2009; 84: 72-79. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.12.001</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Gleghorn L, Ramesar R, Beighton P, Wallis G. A mutation in the variable repeat region of the aggrecan gene (AGC1) causes a form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with severe, premature osteoarthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2005; 77: 484-490. 10.1086/444401</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" type="bt">4</bibl> <bibtext> Stattin EL, Wiklund F, Lindblom K. A missense mutation in the aggrecan C-type lectin domain disrupts extracellular matrix interactions and causes dominant familial osteochondritis dissecans. Am J Hum Genet. 2010; 86: 126-137. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.018</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib5" idref="ref3" type="bt">5</bibl> <bibtext> Nilsson O, Guo MH, Dunbar N. Short stature, accelerated bonematuration, and early growth cessation due to heterozygous aggrecan mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: E1510-E1518. 10.1210/jc.2014-1332</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib6" idref="ref4" type="bt">6</bibl> <bibtext> Gibson BG, Briggs MD. The Aggrecanopathies: an evolving phenotypic spectrum of human genetic skeletal diseases. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2016; 11: 86. 10.1186/s13023-016-0459-2</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By Angelo Florio; Riccardo Papa; Roberta Caorsi; Alessandro Consolaro; Roberto Gastaldi; Marco Gattorno and Paolo Picco</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author</p> </aug>
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  Data: Abstract Heterozygous mutations of the ACAN gene have been associated with a broad spectrum of non-lethal skeletal dysplasias, called Aggrecanopathies. We report a case of a child with severe inflammatory elbow involvement mimicking septic arthritis who carried the new ACAN missense variant c.6970 T > C, p.Trp2324Arg. The comprehensive clinical evaluation of the patient and his family, focused on the associated clinical features (facial dysmorphisms, short stature, brachydactily), led us to suspect a hereditary condition. Our findings suggest that Aggrecanopathies should be considered in children with familial short stature, poor growth spurt and joint involvement.
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