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The effects of resistance training on some inflammatory markers, appetite-regulating peptides and insulin resistance index in obese women

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Title: The effects of resistance training on some inflammatory markers, appetite-regulating peptides and insulin resistance index in obese women
Authors: Fatemeh Maleki, Alireza Safarzade
Source: Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 26, Iss 6, Pp 524-529 (2022)
Publisher Information: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2022.
Publication Year: 2022
Collection: LCC:Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology
LCC:Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology
Subject Terms: appetite peptide, inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, resistance training, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
More Details: Purpose: Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory condition, which plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and disorder in appetite regulation. Resistance training (RT) can improve low-grade systemic inflammation caused by obesity by improving body composition. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether RT with improvement in inflammatory status leads to improvement of metabolic markers and appetite-regulating peptides in obese women. Methods: Sixteen obese and healthy women were randomly divided into RT and control groups. The RT group participated in 8 weeks of RT. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were taken before the start of the exercise protocol and 3 days after the last training session. Serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured. Results: After 8 weeks of training, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) in the control group increased significantly (P < 0.01), but in the training group, anthropometric characteristics remained unchanged. Serum levels of ghrelin and leptin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor remained unchanged after 8 weeks of RT. A significant increase in insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels was observed in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 8 weeks of RT is not enough to induce an anti-inflammatory response and improve body composition and subsequently improve appetite and metabolic markers.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 2230-8210
Relation: http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2022;volume=26;issue=6;spage=524;epage=529;aulast=Maleki; https://doaj.org/toc/2230-8210
DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_214_22
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/1a7dee05e1294ccaaea89e3378ba09bc
Accession Number: edsdoj.1a7dee05e1294ccaaea89e3378ba09bc
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Value: &lt;anid&gt;AN0162202674;[bgdc]01nov.22;2023Mar06.02:22;v2.2.500&lt;/anid&gt; &lt;title id=&quot;AN0162202674-1&quot;&gt;The effects of resistance training on some inflammatory markers, appetite-regulating peptides and insulin resistance index in obese women&#160;&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Purpose: Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory condition, which plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and disorder in appetite regulation. Resistance training (RT) can improve low-grade systemic inflammation caused by obesity by improving body composition. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether RT with improvement in inflammatory status leads to improvement of metabolic markers and appetite-regulating peptides in obese women. Methods: Sixteen obese and healthy women were randomly divided into RT and control groups. The RT group participated in 8 weeks of RT. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were taken before the start of the exercise protocol and 3 days after the last training session. Serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured. Results: After 8 weeks of training, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) in the control group increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.01), but in the training group, anthropometric characteristics remained unchanged. Serum levels of ghrelin and leptin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor remained unchanged after 8 weeks of RT. A significant increase in insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels was observed in the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 8 weeks of RT is not enough to induce an anti-inflammatory response and improve body composition and subsequently improve appetite and metabolic markers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Keywords: Appetite peptide; inflammation; insulin resistance; obesity; resistance training&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Introduction&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization identifies overweight and obesity as an abnormal accumulation of excess fat that is harmful to health.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib1&quot; id=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of adipose tissue, which is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP)] and a decrease in anti-inflammatory markers (adiponectin).[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib2&quot; id=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;2&lt;/reflink&gt;]] This chronic inflammation associated with obesity may lead to insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hyperleptinemia, and systemic metabolic disorders (metabolic syndrome).[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib3&quot; id=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Fat loss is associated with decreased serum levels of many of these pro-inflammatory adipokines.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib4&quot; id=&quot;ref4&quot;&gt;4&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Therefore, effective methods to reduce body fat can be useful in reducing the pro-inflammatory environment associated with obesity.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib3&quot; id=&quot;ref5&quot;&gt;3&lt;/reflink&gt;]]&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among these cytokines, leptin and adiponectin are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib5&quot; id=&quot;ref6&quot;&gt;5&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Obese people become less sensitive to leptin, which leads to an inability to detect satiety.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref7&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]] However, the serum concentration of adiponectin is lower in obese people and it increases significantly with weight loss. Hypoadiponectinemia may contribute to insulin resistance.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib7&quot; id=&quot;ref8&quot;&gt;7&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Also, TNF-α affects the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and is involved in inducing insulin resistance.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib7&quot; id=&quot;ref9&quot;&gt;7&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib8&quot; id=&quot;ref10&quot;&gt;8&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating hormone secreted by the stomach,[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref11&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]] is involved in regulating energy and weight balance.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib4&quot; id=&quot;ref12&quot;&gt;4&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In addition, ghrelin has anti-inflammatory effects that are reduced in obese people,[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref13&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]] which may be one of the possible mechanisms of chronic systemic inflammation associated with obesity.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib10&quot; id=&quot;ref14&quot;&gt;10&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Therefore, it seems that there is a close relationship between the levels of appetite hormones and adipocytokines that can affect the changes in body composition.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that regular exercise increases serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and controls systemic inflammation.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib10&quot; id=&quot;ref15&quot;&gt;10&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib11&quot; id=&quot;ref16&quot;&gt;11&lt;/reflink&gt;]] The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise may improve TNF-α-induced insulin resistance by reducing visceral fat mass.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib10&quot; id=&quot;ref17&quot;&gt;10&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Resistance training (RT) is an effective component of weight management programmes because it increases energy expenditure, muscle mass and resting metabolism.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib12&quot; id=&quot;ref18&quot;&gt;12&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Evidence suggests that RT improves insulin resistance by reducing low-grade systemic inflammation and improving muscle glucose uptake. These effects may be exacerbated by improved body composition (increased muscle mass), muscle mass quality and metabolic adaptations.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib13&quot; id=&quot;ref19&quot;&gt;13&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Negative energy balance induced by exercise that reduces weight and body fat may be associated with changes in appetite hormone levels.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib10&quot; id=&quot;ref20&quot;&gt;10&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Most studies have focused on endurance training. The physiology of endurance exercise, as well as cytokine responses to RT, is different.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib13&quot; id=&quot;ref21&quot;&gt;13&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib14&quot; id=&quot;ref22&quot;&gt;14&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Most studies have focused on endurance training, and few have investigated the benefits of RT on body composition and insulin resistance in obese people.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib15&quot; id=&quot;ref23&quot;&gt;15&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Based on the impaired secretion of adipocytokines and obesity-related inflammation and because inflammation regulates energy and develops insulin resistance, we have hypothesised that possible RT-induced improvements in body composition and insulin resistance and inflammation could be accompanied by improvements in serum appetite peptide levels in obese women. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of RT on inflammatory, metabolic and appetite-regulating peptides in obese women.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Material and Method&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Participants and study design&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Of all volunteers, 16 healthy obese women [age: 37 (30–45 years); body mass index (BMI): 31 (27–35 kg/m&lt;sups&gt;2&lt;/sups&gt;)] were invited to participate in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into an 8-week resistance training group (RT group, &lt;emph&gt;n&lt;/emph&gt; = 8) and a sedentary control group (C group, &lt;emph&gt;n&lt;/emph&gt; = 8). Participants were asked not to do any exercise or change their level of physical activity. All participants had no history of diabetes or coronary heart disease. All participants gave their informed written consent before enrolling in the study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mazandaran with the code IR.UMZ.REC.1397.080.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Training protocol&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Before starting the research, the subjects first participated in an introductory session and learned how to perform the RT correctly. In the next session, a maximum repetition (1RM) of the selected movements was measured at each station. 1RM for each exercise was calculated using the Brzycki equation [1RM = weight lifted during an RM/(1.0278 − 0.0278 (&lt;emph&gt;n&lt;/emph&gt;)].[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib15&quot; id=&quot;ref24&quot;&gt;15&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Subjects in the RT group performed resistance training for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). The University of Mazandaran gymnasium instructors supervised the training sessions, with participants warming up for 10 minutes with dynamic stretching exercises and ending each session with 5 minutes of cooling down (static stretching). The stations included leg press, bench press, dumbbell sit-ups, squats, overhead press, leg curls, and seated rows. During the first week, the subjects did a 10-repetition set with an intensity of 50% 1RM, and in the following weeks, the intensity of the exercise gradually increased to 80% 1RM (a weekly increase of 5–10% 1RM). The training programme in the first and second weeks consisted of one to two sets of ten repetitions, and in the third to eighth weeks, it consisted of three sets of ten repetitions. In the final fourth week, the training intensity was fixed at 80–85% 1RM. The subjects rested for 1 minute between the sets and 1–2 minutes between each station.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib15&quot; id=&quot;ref25&quot;&gt;15&lt;/reflink&gt;]] The 1RM test was repeated at the end of the fourth week and the training loads were adjusted accordingly.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Anthropometric testing and blood sampling and measurement of markers&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The participants had light clothing and their body weights were measured by a digital scale. The amounts of their baseline muscle mass and fat distribution were measured using a body composition analyser (Boca X1). Blood and anthropometric measurements were performed at the beginning and end of the protocol. Subjects were referred to the laboratory in the middle luteal phase (20 to 23 days after their menstrual cycle) based on their menstrual cycle of the past six months. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein after 8–10 hours of fasting before starting the research protocol and 72 h after the last exercise session. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rounds per minute (rpm) for 15 minutes after clotting, and the resultant serum samples were stored at −20&#176;C for analysis. Serum leptin, ghrelin, insulin, adiponectin and TNF-α concentrations were assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a special kit (manufactured by Hangzhou Istibioform, a Chinese company) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The serum level of glucose was measured enzymatically using the enzymatic colourimetric method with a specific kit (manufactured by a pars-azmun company), and the insulin resistance index was measured by the following formula homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR): HOMA-IR = [fasting insulin (μU/ml) &#215; fasting glucose (mm/l)]/22.5.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Statistical analysis&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;All data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The normality of the data was examined using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The equality of variance test (Levine&#39;s test) was conducted. The variables were assessed by two-factor repeated-measure analysis variance (ANOVA), with groups and time as factors (time as the within-subject factor and group as a between-subject factor; 2-time points &#215; 2 groups). A posthoc test with Bonferroni correction was used to identify significant differences among mean values when a significant main effect or interaction was identified. Pearson&#39;s correlation test was used to assess the association between the variables. To perform all statistical analyses, SPSS version 16 was utilised at a significant level of &lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; ≤ 0.05.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Results&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Anthropometric and physiological characteristics&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The anthropometric and physiological characteristics of both groups are summarised in [Table 1]. There was no difference in BW, BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist–hip ratio, fat mass (FM) or soft lean mass (SLM) in C and RT groups compared to baseline levels. A significant increase in BW and BMI was observed in the C group (&lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). No significant differences were observed in body composition characteristics between groups.{Table 1}&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Inflammatory and metabolic markers and appetite-regulating peptides in obese women&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Serum levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and adiponectin) remained unchanged after 8 weeks of RT. After 8 weeks of RT, no significant difference was observed in serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides (leptin and ghrelin) (&lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; &amp;lt; 0.05). A significant increase in insulin and HOMA-IR was detected in the C group (&lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference between the C and RT groups regarding the serum levels of any of the variables [Table 2].{Table 2}&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A correlation test was performed to investigate the relationship between changes in serum levels (inflammatory, appetite and metabolic markers) and anthropometric characteristics (BW, BMI, %FM and %SLM). Changes in serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, TNF-α and leptin were not related to the changes in BW, BMI, %FM and %SLM. Changes in HOMA-IR levels were negatively correlated with the changes in serum levels of TNF-α (r = −0.869; &lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; = 0.005) in the RT group and also negatively correlated with serum leptin levels in the C group (r = −0.722; &lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; = 0.043) (data not shown).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Discussion&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The present study examined the effects of 8 weeks of RT on serum levels of inflammatory, appetite, and metabolic markers, as well as body composition characteristics in obese women. The data showed that after 8 weeks, weight and BMI increased in the C group. A significant increase in HOMA-IR and serum insulin concentration was observed in the C group. No significant difference was observed in serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, TNF-α and metabolic markers between the two groups.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Evidence from different studies shows that regular physical activity is directly related to anti-inflammatory mediators.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib12&quot; id=&quot;ref26&quot;&gt;12&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib13&quot; id=&quot;ref27&quot;&gt;13&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Exercise helps control systemic inflammation caused by obesity by lowering the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib11&quot; id=&quot;ref28&quot;&gt;11&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib12&quot; id=&quot;ref29&quot;&gt;12&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In a study by El-Kader &lt;emph&gt;et al&lt;/emph&gt;.,[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib16&quot; id=&quot;ref30&quot;&gt;16&lt;/reflink&gt;]] 12 weeks of RT (3 times per week, 60–80% 1RM) significantly reduced circulating TNF-α in obese people with type 2 diabetes. In contrast, studies showed that 8–9 weeks of RT (50–85% 1RM) did not change circulating TNF-α levels in young people.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib17&quot; id=&quot;ref31&quot;&gt;17&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib18&quot; id=&quot;ref32&quot;&gt;18&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Also, as in our study, Salamath &lt;emph&gt;et al&lt;/emph&gt;.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib17&quot; id=&quot;ref33&quot;&gt;17&lt;/reflink&gt;]] reported that 9 weeks of circuit RT (50–85% 1RM) did not change the serum concentration of TNF-α. Therefore, the exact effects of RT on TNFα levels are not yet known. By searching for evidence regarding the mechanism of these findings, it was confirmed that RT, by decreasing FM and increasing muscle mass, has modulatory effects on TNF-α levels and affects the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib19&quot; id=&quot;ref34&quot;&gt;19&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Markofski &lt;emph&gt;et al&lt;/emph&gt;.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref35&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]] showed that long-term resistance and aerobic exercise was effective in increasing adiponectin. They reported that the increase in serum adiponectin levels after exercise interventions was due to weight loss. Some studies have reported that low-intensity[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib20&quot; id=&quot;ref36&quot;&gt;20&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib21&quot; id=&quot;ref37&quot;&gt;21&lt;/reflink&gt;]] and moderate exercises (3 times per week, 60–70% 1RM)[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib22&quot; id=&quot;ref38&quot;&gt;22&lt;/reflink&gt;]] are not effective in altering adiponectin levels. According to the results of previous studies, weight loss, especially body fat reduction, is an important factor for adiponectin changes.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib2&quot; id=&quot;ref39&quot;&gt;2&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib5&quot; id=&quot;ref40&quot;&gt;5&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib23&quot; id=&quot;ref41&quot;&gt;23&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In the present study, because the weight, %BF and BMI did not change, RT did not increase adiponectin levels. Because RT has been shown to have positive effects on body composition, it may affect the anti-inflammatory impacts of exercise and may be effective in explaining the anti-inflammatory effects of RT.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref42&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib24&quot; id=&quot;ref43&quot;&gt;24&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In this regard, previous studies have reported a positive correlation between serum TNF-α levels and body composition characteristics (weight, BMI and FM).[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib19&quot; id=&quot;ref44&quot;&gt;19&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib25&quot; id=&quot;ref45&quot;&gt;25&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Studies have reported that resistance and combination training could significantly reduce serum TNF-α and CRP by improving body composition in older women, the authors claim that a decrease in circulating TNF-α levels is regulated by a decrease in %FM and an increase in muscle mass.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib24&quot; id=&quot;ref46&quot;&gt;24&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib25&quot; id=&quot;ref47&quot;&gt;25&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib26&quot; id=&quot;ref48&quot;&gt;26&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Based on previous studies, it can be assumed that decreasing FM and increasing SLM determined the serum concentrations of TNF-α, CRP and adiponectin.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib19&quot; id=&quot;ref49&quot;&gt;19&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib23&quot; id=&quot;ref50&quot;&gt;23&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In our study, no significant association was observed between changes in TNF-α levels and changes in body composition. The data may suggest that the improvement in exercise-induced inflammation in obese individuals may be interpreted as an improvement in exercise-induced body composition, which was not the case in our study.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Previous research on leptin, ghrelin and the potential effect of exercise has provided conflicting findings.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib5&quot; id=&quot;ref51&quot;&gt;5&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref52&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib8&quot; id=&quot;ref53&quot;&gt;8&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib27&quot; id=&quot;ref54&quot;&gt;27&lt;/reflink&gt;]] We have observed a 20% decrease in serum leptin levels, which was not statistically significant, and serum ghrelin levels did not change significantly. However, more than 8 weeks of RT may be required to significantly reduce leptin and ghrelin. Given the high-intensity exercise protocol in our study, it is reasonable to suggest that the ability of exercise to alter leptin depends on the intensity, volume and duration of exercise.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib1&quot; id=&quot;ref55&quot;&gt;1&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref56&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib21&quot; id=&quot;ref57&quot;&gt;21&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Other studies have attributed changes in circulating leptin to resting metabolism and changes in anthropometric properties.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib2&quot; id=&quot;ref58&quot;&gt;2&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib5&quot; id=&quot;ref59&quot;&gt;5&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref60&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref61&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Previous studies have also identified primary weight loss as the primary driver of changes in ghrelin, regardless of the method used to obtain it.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref62&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib27&quot; id=&quot;ref63&quot;&gt;27&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In the absence of weight loss, most researchers reported no effect of exercise on serum ghrelin.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref64&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib28&quot; id=&quot;ref65&quot;&gt;28&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In particular, Leidy &lt;emph&gt;et al&lt;/emph&gt;.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib28&quot; id=&quot;ref66&quot;&gt;28&lt;/reflink&gt;]] reported a very small change in circulating ghrelin after 3 months of aerobic exercise in obese women. In contrast, a significant increase in ghrelin was reported due to the combined intervention of exercise and diet in people who lost weight. Thus, the lack of changes in leptin and ghrelin levels may be due to slight changes in %SLM[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib9&quot; id=&quot;ref67&quot;&gt;9&lt;/reflink&gt;]] and BW. Our subjects did not have significant changes in %SLM and BW after 8 weeks of RT. Evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines are considered an important component in controlling energy metabolism. In obesity, inflammation is a feedback response in the fight against excess energy. We hypothesised that the anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise improved the secretion of appetite factors by reducing visceral FM (by reducing the secretion of adipokines) and creating an anti-inflammatory environment.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib11&quot; id=&quot;ref68&quot;&gt;11&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In this regard, previous studies have reported a positive correlation between changes in serum leptin levels and TNF-α[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib29&quot; id=&quot;ref69&quot;&gt;29&lt;/reflink&gt;]] and a negative correlation between ghrelin and TNF-α.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib30&quot; id=&quot;ref70&quot;&gt;30&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Voluntary exercise programmes significantly increased serum ghrelin levels and reduced TNF-α factors in obese rats.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib30&quot; id=&quot;ref71&quot;&gt;30&lt;/reflink&gt;]] The authors claim that increased ghrelin expression is associated with decreased exercise-induced TNF-α. Contrary to our hypothesis that the modulation of the TNF due to RT is related to changes in the serum levels of appetite factors, no significant correlation was observed between changes in the serum levels of inflammatory and appetite markers in obese women. These data suggest that the lack of improvement in exercise-induced inflammation in obese individuals may be the reason for the lack of changes in the serum levels of appetite markers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Other variables examined in this study were metabolic indices in obese women. There is evidence to suggest that exercise interventions (resistance, endurance and combination training) can combat metabolic disorders in obese individuals.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref72&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib23&quot; id=&quot;ref73&quot;&gt;23&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Previous findings have shown that 12–24 weeks of RT, 3–5 times a week improves insulin sensitivity.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib6&quot; id=&quot;ref74&quot;&gt;6&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib14&quot; id=&quot;ref75&quot;&gt;14&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Unlike previous studies, our study shows that 8 weeks of RT does not significantly improve serum levels of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index in obese women. Previous studies have shown that 4–12 weeks of RT reduces HOMA-IR by lowering fasting insulin levels in obese individuals; however, it does not affect fasting glucose levels.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib31&quot; id=&quot;ref76&quot;&gt;31&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib32&quot; id=&quot;ref77&quot;&gt;32&lt;/reflink&gt;]] RT has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity by increasing muscle mass and increasing glucose clearance, whereas other studies have shown that improvements in resistance training in HOMA-IR were independent of muscle mass.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib26&quot; id=&quot;ref78&quot;&gt;26&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib33&quot; id=&quot;ref79&quot;&gt;33&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Other mechanisms of increased insulin sensitivity due to increased muscle mass include improved insulin signalling cascade, increased glucose transporter protein and mRNA, increased glycogen synthase and hexokinase activity, decreased secretion and increased clearance of free fatty acids.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib20&quot; id=&quot;ref80&quot;&gt;20&lt;/reflink&gt;]],[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib34&quot; id=&quot;ref81&quot;&gt;34&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In our study, no significant improvements in metabolic indices were observed, but a negative correlation was detected between muscle mass percentage and glucose in the C group. Therefore, the exact mechanisms still need to be explained. Obesity and the concomitant development of inflammation are key components of insulin resistance.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib23&quot; id=&quot;ref82&quot;&gt;23&lt;/reflink&gt;]] Regular exercise and/or weight loss may lead to a decrease in TNF-α and an increase in adiponectin in obese individuals, and these changes have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity.[[&lt;reflink idref=&quot;bib35&quot; id=&quot;ref83&quot;&gt;35&lt;/reflink&gt;]] In the present study, a negative and significant relationship was observed between changes in serum TNF-α levels and insulin resistance index (&lt;emph&gt;P&lt;/emph&gt; = 0.005, r = –0.869). It seems that 8 weeks of RT has not been effective enough to deal with obesity-induced inflammation in obese women.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusion&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the findings showed that 8 weeks of RT without changes in body composition and inflammatory markers could not improve appetite peptides in obese women. This study suggests that the duration of RT may not be sufficient to counteract obesity-associated health impairments.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Declaration of patient consent&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Financial support and sponsorship&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This study was supported by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) [97014240].&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conflicts of interest&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are no conflicts of interest.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ref id=&quot;AN0162202674-2&quot;&gt; &lt;title&gt; REFERENCES &lt;/title&gt; &lt;blist&gt; &lt;bibl id=&quot;bib1&quot; idref=&quot;ref1&quot; type=&quot;bt&quot;&gt;1&lt;/bibl&gt; &lt;bibtext&gt; Gonzalez-Jurado JA, Suarez-Carmona W, Lopez S, Sanchez-Oliver AJ. Changes in lipoinflammation markers in people with obesity after a concurrent training program: A comparison between men and women. 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Items – Name: Title
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  Data: The effects of resistance training on some inflammatory markers, appetite-regulating peptides and insulin resistance index in obese women
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Fatemeh+Maleki%22&quot;&gt;Fatemeh Maleki&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alireza+Safarzade%22&quot;&gt;Alireza Safarzade&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 26, Iss 6, Pp 524-529 (2022)
– Name: Publisher
  Label: Publisher Information
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2022.
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Year
  Group: Date
  Data: 2022
– Name: Subset
  Label: Collection
  Group: HoldingsInfo
  Data: LCC:Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology&lt;br /&gt;LCC:Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22appetite+peptide%22&quot;&gt;appetite peptide&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22inflammation%22&quot;&gt;inflammation&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22insulin+resistance%22&quot;&gt;insulin resistance&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22obesity%22&quot;&gt;obesity&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22resistance+training%22&quot;&gt;resistance training&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Diseases+of+the+endocrine+glands%2E+Clinical+endocrinology%22&quot;&gt;Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22RC648-665%22&quot;&gt;RC648-665&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Diseases+of+the+digestive+system%2E+Gastroenterology%22&quot;&gt;Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22RC799-869%22&quot;&gt;RC799-869&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Description
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory condition, which plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and disorder in appetite regulation. Resistance training (RT) can improve low-grade systemic inflammation caused by obesity by improving body composition. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether RT with improvement in inflammatory status leads to improvement of metabolic markers and appetite-regulating peptides in obese women. Methods: Sixteen obese and healthy women were randomly divided into RT and control groups. The RT group participated in 8 weeks of RT. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were taken before the start of the exercise protocol and 3 days after the last training session. Serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured. Results: After 8 weeks of training, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) in the control group increased significantly (P &lt; 0.01), but in the training group, anthropometric characteristics remained unchanged. Serum levels of ghrelin and leptin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor remained unchanged after 8 weeks of RT. A significant increase in insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels was observed in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 8 weeks of RT is not enough to induce an anti-inflammatory response and improve body composition and subsequently improve appetite and metabolic markers.
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  Data: electronic resource
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  Data: English
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 2230-8210
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  Data: http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2022;volume=26;issue=6;spage=524;epage=529;aulast=Maleki; https://doaj.org/toc/2230-8210
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_214_22
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  Group: ID
  Data: edsdoj.1a7dee05e1294ccaaea89e3378ba09bc
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_214_22
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 524
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: appetite peptide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: inflammation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: insulin resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: obesity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: resistance training
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: RC648-665
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: RC799-869
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The effects of resistance training on some inflammatory markers, appetite-regulating peptides and insulin resistance index in obese women
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fatemeh Maleki
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Alireza Safarzade
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 22308210
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 26
            – Type: issue
              Value: 6
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
              Type: main
ResultId 1