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Diverse Genotypes of Cronobacter spp. Associated with Dairy Farm Systems in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces in China

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Title: Diverse Genotypes of Cronobacter spp. Associated with Dairy Farm Systems in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces in China
Authors: Hui Liu, Xing Ji, Haichang Sun, Craig Billington, Xiang Hou, Abbas Soleimani-Delfan, Ran Wang, Heye Wang, Lili Zhang
Source: Foods, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 871 (2024)
Publisher Information: MDPI AG, 2024.
Publication Year: 2024
Collection: LCC:Chemical technology
Subject Terms: Cronobacter spp., whole-genome sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility, phylogenetic analysis, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
More Details: Cronobacter spp. are the most concerning foodborne pathogen in infant formula milk powder. Currently, there are many reports on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula milk and its processing environment, but there are few studies on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms. We have, therefore, undertaken this study to investigate and track genomic epidemiology of Cronobacter spp. isolates from Chinese dairy farms in the provinces of Jiangsu and Shandong. In this study, forty Cronobacter spp. strains, consisting of thirty Cronobacter sakazakii, eight Cronobacter malonaticus, and two Cronobacter dublinensis, were obtained from 1115 dairy farm samples (raw milk, silage, bedding, and feces), with a prevalence rate of 3.57%. These isolates were classified into 10 Cronobacter serotypes and 31 sequence types (STs), including three novel STs which were isolated for the first time. Notably, pathogenic Cronobacter STs 7, 8, 17, 60, and 64, which are associated with clinical infections, were observed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the Cronobacter spp. were highly resistant to cephalothin and fosfomycin, which was consistent with the antimicrobial genotype. All isolates carried core virulence genes related to adherence, invasion, endotoxin, immune evasion, secretion system, and regulation. Approximately half the isolates were also able to produce a strong biofilm. Twenty-one prophages and eight plasmids were detected, with the most common prophage being Cronobacter_ENT47670 and the most common plasmid being IncFIB (pCTU1). In addition, two isolates harbored the transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) which confers high environmental persistence. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong clustering by species level and sequence types. Isolates from different sources or regions with a similar genomic background suggests the cross-contamination of Cronobacter spp. The presence of diverse genotypes of Cronobacter spp. in dairy farms in Jiangsu and Shandong provinces indicates that surveillance of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms should be strengthened, to prevent and control transmission and ensure the quality and safety of raw dairy products.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 2304-8158
Relation: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/871; https://doaj.org/toc/2304-8158
DOI: 10.3390/foods13060871
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/0c50debf23584a239bd496d34dfaf2ce
Accession Number: edsdoj.0c50debf23584a239bd496d34dfaf2ce
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  Data: Diverse Genotypes of Cronobacter spp. Associated with Dairy Farm Systems in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces in China
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hui+Liu%22">Hui Liu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xing+Ji%22">Xing Ji</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haichang+Sun%22">Haichang Sun</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Craig+Billington%22">Craig Billington</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiang+Hou%22">Xiang Hou</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abbas+Soleimani-Delfan%22">Abbas Soleimani-Delfan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ran+Wang%22">Ran Wang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heye+Wang%22">Heye Wang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lili+Zhang%22">Lili Zhang</searchLink>
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  Data: Foods, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 871 (2024)
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  Data: MDPI AG, 2024.
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  Data: 2024
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cronobacter+spp%2E%22">Cronobacter spp.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22whole-genome+sequencing%22">whole-genome sequencing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22antimicrobial+susceptibility%22">antimicrobial susceptibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22phylogenetic+analysis%22">phylogenetic analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+technology%22">Chemical technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22TP1-1185%22">TP1-1185</searchLink>
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  Data: Cronobacter spp. are the most concerning foodborne pathogen in infant formula milk powder. Currently, there are many reports on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula milk and its processing environment, but there are few studies on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms. We have, therefore, undertaken this study to investigate and track genomic epidemiology of Cronobacter spp. isolates from Chinese dairy farms in the provinces of Jiangsu and Shandong. In this study, forty Cronobacter spp. strains, consisting of thirty Cronobacter sakazakii, eight Cronobacter malonaticus, and two Cronobacter dublinensis, were obtained from 1115 dairy farm samples (raw milk, silage, bedding, and feces), with a prevalence rate of 3.57%. These isolates were classified into 10 Cronobacter serotypes and 31 sequence types (STs), including three novel STs which were isolated for the first time. Notably, pathogenic Cronobacter STs 7, 8, 17, 60, and 64, which are associated with clinical infections, were observed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the Cronobacter spp. were highly resistant to cephalothin and fosfomycin, which was consistent with the antimicrobial genotype. All isolates carried core virulence genes related to adherence, invasion, endotoxin, immune evasion, secretion system, and regulation. Approximately half the isolates were also able to produce a strong biofilm. Twenty-one prophages and eight plasmids were detected, with the most common prophage being Cronobacter_ENT47670 and the most common plasmid being IncFIB (pCTU1). In addition, two isolates harbored the transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) which confers high environmental persistence. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong clustering by species level and sequence types. Isolates from different sources or regions with a similar genomic background suggests the cross-contamination of Cronobacter spp. The presence of diverse genotypes of Cronobacter spp. in dairy farms in Jiangsu and Shandong provinces indicates that surveillance of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms should be strengthened, to prevent and control transmission and ensure the quality and safety of raw dairy products.
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        Value: 10.3390/foods13060871
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: whole-genome sequencing
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      – SubjectFull: antimicrobial susceptibility
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