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Seasonal changes in the altitudinal distribution of nocturnally migrating birds during autumn migration

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Title: Seasonal changes in the altitudinal distribution of nocturnally migrating birds during autumn migration
Authors: Frank A. La Sorte, Wesley M. Hochachka, Andrew Farnsworth, Daniel Sheldon, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Daniel Fink, Steve Kelling
Source: Royal Society Open Science, Vol 2, Iss 12 (2015)
Publisher Information: The Royal Society, 2015.
Publication Year: 2015
Collection: LCC:Science
Subject Terms: flight altitude, mid-latitudes, polar-front jet stream, seasonal avian migration, weather surveillance radar, wind, Science
More Details: Wind plays a significant role in the flight altitudes selected by nocturnally migrating birds. At mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, atmospheric conditions are dictated by the polar-front jet stream, whose amplitude increases in the autumn. One consequence for migratory birds is that the region’s prevailing westerly winds become progressively stronger at higher migration altitudes. We expect this seasonality in wind speed to result in migrants occupying progressively lower flight altitudes, which we test using density estimates of nocturnal migrants at 100 m altitudinal intervals from 12 weather surveillance radar stations located in the northeastern USA. Contrary to our expectations, median migration altitudes deviated little across the season, and the variance was lower during the middle of the season and higher during the beginning and especially the end of the season. Early-season migrants included small- to intermediate-sized long-distance migrants in the orders Charadriiformes and Passeriformes, and late-season migrants included large-bodied and intermediate-distance migrants in the order Anseriformes. Therefore, seasonality in the composition of migratory species, and related variation in migration strategies and behaviours, resulted in a convex–concave bounded distribution of migration altitudes. Our results provide a basis for assessing the implications for migratory bird populations of changes in mid-latitude atmospheric conditions probably occurring under global climate change.
Document Type: article
File Description: electronic resource
Language: English
ISSN: 2054-5703
Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2054-5703
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150347
Access URL: https://doaj.org/article/aa07295843da4737b9c0439ea392a8ee
Accession Number: edsdoj.07295843da4737b9c0439ea392a8ee
Database: Directory of Open Access Journals
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  Data: Seasonal changes in the altitudinal distribution of nocturnally migrating birds during autumn migration
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frank+A%2E+La+Sorte%22">Frank A. La Sorte</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wesley+M%2E+Hochachka%22">Wesley M. Hochachka</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andrew+Farnsworth%22">Andrew Farnsworth</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daniel+Sheldon%22">Daniel Sheldon</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Benjamin+M%2E+Van+Doren%22">Benjamin M. Van Doren</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daniel+Fink%22">Daniel Fink</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Steve+Kelling%22">Steve Kelling</searchLink>
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  Data: Royal Society Open Science, Vol 2, Iss 12 (2015)
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  Data: Wind plays a significant role in the flight altitudes selected by nocturnally migrating birds. At mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, atmospheric conditions are dictated by the polar-front jet stream, whose amplitude increases in the autumn. One consequence for migratory birds is that the region’s prevailing westerly winds become progressively stronger at higher migration altitudes. We expect this seasonality in wind speed to result in migrants occupying progressively lower flight altitudes, which we test using density estimates of nocturnal migrants at 100 m altitudinal intervals from 12 weather surveillance radar stations located in the northeastern USA. Contrary to our expectations, median migration altitudes deviated little across the season, and the variance was lower during the middle of the season and higher during the beginning and especially the end of the season. Early-season migrants included small- to intermediate-sized long-distance migrants in the orders Charadriiformes and Passeriformes, and late-season migrants included large-bodied and intermediate-distance migrants in the order Anseriformes. Therefore, seasonality in the composition of migratory species, and related variation in migration strategies and behaviours, resulted in a convex–concave bounded distribution of migration altitudes. Our results provide a basis for assessing the implications for migratory bird populations of changes in mid-latitude atmospheric conditions probably occurring under global climate change.
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      – SubjectFull: mid-latitudes
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      – SubjectFull: polar-front jet stream
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      – SubjectFull: seasonal avian migration
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