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Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Carob Leaf (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Crude Extracts Using NMR and Mass Spectroscopic Techniques.

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Title: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Carob Leaf (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Crude Extracts Using NMR and Mass Spectroscopic Techniques.
Authors: Venianakis, Themistoklis, Parisis, Nikolaos, Christou, Atalanti, Goulas, Vlasios, Nikoloudakis, Nikolaos, Botsaris, George, Goričan, Tjaša, Grdadolnik, Simona Golič, Tzakos, Andreas G., Gerothanassis, Ioannis P.
Source: Molecules; Nov2024, Vol. 29 Issue 22, p5273, 17p
Subject Terms: MASS spectrometry, OVERHAUSER effect (Nuclear physics), NUCLEAR magnetic resonance, CAROB, DIGESTIVE enzymes, PHYTOCHEMICALS
Abstract: Carob leaves have gained attention for their bioactive properties and traditional medicinal uses, including as treatment for diabetes, digestive disorders, and microbial infections. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemical composition of carob leaf acetone extracts using advanced spectroscopic techniques. The combined use of heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments with 1D selective nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) offers detailed structural insights and enables the direct identification and quantification of key bioactive constituents in carob leaf extract. In particular, the NMR and mass spectrometry techniques revealed the presence of myricitrin as a predominant flavonoid, as well as a variety of glycosylated derivatives of myricetin and quercetin, in acetone extract. Furthermore, siliquapyranone and related gallotannins are essential constituents of the extract. The potent inhibitory effects of the carob leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 50 μg mL−1) and a-glucosidase enzyme (IC50 = 67.5 ± 2.4 μg mL−1) were also evaluated. Finally, the antibacterial potency of carob leaf constituents were calculated in silico; digalloyl-parasorboside and gallic acid 4-O-glucoside exert a stronger bactericidal activity than the well-known myricitrin and related flavonoids. In summary, our findings provide valuable insights into the bioactive composition and health-promoting properties of carob leaves and highlight their potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Molecules is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Complementary Index
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Carob Leaf (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Crude Extracts Using NMR and Mass Spectroscopic Techniques.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Venianakis%2C+Themistoklis%22">Venianakis, Themistoklis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Parisis%2C+Nikolaos%22">Parisis, Nikolaos</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Christou%2C+Atalanti%22">Christou, Atalanti</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goulas%2C+Vlasios%22">Goulas, Vlasios</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nikoloudakis%2C+Nikolaos%22">Nikoloudakis, Nikolaos</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Botsaris%2C+George%22">Botsaris, George</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goričan%2C+Tjaša%22">Goričan, Tjaša</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grdadolnik%2C+Simona+Golič%22">Grdadolnik, Simona Golič</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tzakos%2C+Andreas+G%2E%22">Tzakos, Andreas G.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gerothanassis%2C+Ioannis+P%2E%22">Gerothanassis, Ioannis P.</searchLink>
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  Data: Molecules; Nov2024, Vol. 29 Issue 22, p5273, 17p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MASS+spectrometry%22">MASS spectrometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22OVERHAUSER+effect+%28Nuclear+physics%29%22">OVERHAUSER effect (Nuclear physics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NUCLEAR+magnetic+resonance%22">NUCLEAR magnetic resonance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CAROB%22">CAROB</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DIGESTIVE+enzymes%22">DIGESTIVE enzymes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PHYTOCHEMICALS%22">PHYTOCHEMICALS</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Carob leaves have gained attention for their bioactive properties and traditional medicinal uses, including as treatment for diabetes, digestive disorders, and microbial infections. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemical composition of carob leaf acetone extracts using advanced spectroscopic techniques. The combined use of heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments with 1D selective nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) offers detailed structural insights and enables the direct identification and quantification of key bioactive constituents in carob leaf extract. In particular, the NMR and mass spectrometry techniques revealed the presence of myricitrin as a predominant flavonoid, as well as a variety of glycosylated derivatives of myricetin and quercetin, in acetone extract. Furthermore, siliquapyranone and related gallotannins are essential constituents of the extract. The potent inhibitory effects of the carob leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 50 μg mL<superscript>−1</superscript>) and a-glucosidase enzyme (IC<subscript>50</subscript> = 67.5 ± 2.4 μg mL<superscript>−1</superscript>) were also evaluated. Finally, the antibacterial potency of carob leaf constituents were calculated in silico; digalloyl-parasorboside and gallic acid 4-O-glucoside exert a stronger bactericidal activity than the well-known myricitrin and related flavonoids. In summary, our findings provide valuable insights into the bioactive composition and health-promoting properties of carob leaves and highlight their potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Molecules is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/molecules29225273
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 5273
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NUCLEAR magnetic resonance
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      – SubjectFull: CAROB
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      – SubjectFull: DIGESTIVE enzymes
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              Text: Nov2024
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