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Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation.

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Title: Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation.
Authors: Mohammadkhani, Aida, Mitchell, Caitlin, James, Morgan H., Borgland, Stephanie L., Dayas, Christopher V.
Source: British Journal of Pharmacology; Nov2024, Vol. 181 Issue 22, p4430-4449, 20p
Subject Terms: PARAVENTRICULAR nucleus, NUCLEUS accumbens, NEUROPEPTIDES, SUBSTANCE abuse, DRUG abuse, OREXINS, DOPAMINERGIC neurons
Abstract: The orexin (also known as hypocretin) system, consisting of neuropeptides orexin‐A and orexin‐B, was discovered over 25 years ago and was immediately identified as a central regulator of sleep and wakefulness. These peptides interact with two G‐protein coupled receptors, orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) receptors which are capable of coupling to all heterotrimeric G‐protein subfamilies, but primarily transduce increases in calcium signalling. Orexin neurons are regulated by a variety of transmitter systems and environmental stimuli that signal reward availability, including food and drug related cues. Orexin neurons are also activated by anticipation, stress, cues predicting motivationally relevant information, including those predicting drugs of abuse, and engage neuromodulatory systems, including dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to respond to these signals. As such, orexin neurons have been characterized as motivational activators that coordinate a range of functions, including feeding and arousal, that allow the individual to respond to motivationally relevant information, critical for survival. This review focuses on the role of orexins in appetitive motivation and highlights a role for these neuropeptides in pathologies characterized by inappropriately high levels of motivated arousal (overeating, anxiety and substance use disorders) versus those in which motivation is impaired (depression). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of British Journal of Pharmacology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohammadkhani%2C+Aida%22">Mohammadkhani, Aida</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mitchell%2C+Caitlin%22">Mitchell, Caitlin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22James%2C+Morgan+H%2E%22">James, Morgan H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Borgland%2C+Stephanie+L%2E%22">Borgland, Stephanie L.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dayas%2C+Christopher+V%2E%22">Dayas, Christopher V.</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
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  Data: British Journal of Pharmacology; Nov2024, Vol. 181 Issue 22, p4430-4449, 20p
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PARAVENTRICULAR+nucleus%22">PARAVENTRICULAR nucleus</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NUCLEUS+accumbens%22">NUCLEUS accumbens</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NEUROPEPTIDES%22">NEUROPEPTIDES</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SUBSTANCE+abuse%22">SUBSTANCE abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DRUG+abuse%22">DRUG abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22OREXINS%22">OREXINS</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DOPAMINERGIC+neurons%22">DOPAMINERGIC neurons</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The orexin (also known as hypocretin) system, consisting of neuropeptides orexin‐A and orexin‐B, was discovered over 25 years ago and was immediately identified as a central regulator of sleep and wakefulness. These peptides interact with two G‐protein coupled receptors, orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) receptors which are capable of coupling to all heterotrimeric G‐protein subfamilies, but primarily transduce increases in calcium signalling. Orexin neurons are regulated by a variety of transmitter systems and environmental stimuli that signal reward availability, including food and drug related cues. Orexin neurons are also activated by anticipation, stress, cues predicting motivationally relevant information, including those predicting drugs of abuse, and engage neuromodulatory systems, including dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to respond to these signals. As such, orexin neurons have been characterized as motivational activators that coordinate a range of functions, including feeding and arousal, that allow the individual to respond to motivationally relevant information, critical for survival. This review focuses on the role of orexins in appetitive motivation and highlights a role for these neuropeptides in pathologies characterized by inappropriately high levels of motivated arousal (overeating, anxiety and substance use disorders) versus those in which motivation is impaired (depression). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of British Journal of Pharmacology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/bph.17325
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 4430
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NUCLEUS accumbens
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NEUROPEPTIDES
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      – SubjectFull: SUBSTANCE abuse
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      – SubjectFull: OREXINS
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      – SubjectFull: DOPAMINERGIC neurons
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation.
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            NameFull: Mohammadkhani, Aida
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            NameFull: Mitchell, Caitlin
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            NameFull: James, Morgan H.
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            NameFull: Borgland, Stephanie L.
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              M: 11
              Text: Nov2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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