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Severe congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by agrin mutations affecting secretion by motoneurons.

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Title: Severe congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by agrin mutations affecting secretion by motoneurons.
Authors: Jacquier, Arnaud, Risson, Valérie, Simonet, Thomas, Roussange, Florine, Lacoste, Nicolas, Ribault, Shams, Carras, Julien, Theuriet, Julian, Girard, Emmanuelle, Grosjean, Isabelle, Le Goff, Laure, Kröger, Stephan, Meltoranta, Julia, Bauché, Stéphanie, Sternberg, Damien, Fournier, Emmanuel, Kostera-Pruszczyk, Anna, O'Connor, Emily, Eymard, Bruno, Lochmüller, Hanns
Source: Acta Neuropathologica; Oct2022, Vol. 144 Issue 4, p707-731, 25p
Subject Terms: MOTOR neurons, CONGENITAL myasthenic syndromes, UNFOLDED protein response, SPINAL muscular atrophy, SECRETION, INDUCED pluripotent stem cells
Abstract: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are predominantly characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability and can be caused by a variety of mutations in genes required for neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance. Among them, AGRN encodes agrin, an essential synaptic protein secreted by motoneurons. We have identified severe CMS patients with uncharacterized p.R1671Q, p.R1698P and p.L1664P mutations in the LG2 domain of agrin. Overexpression in primary motoneurons cultures in vitro and in chick spinal motoneurons in vivo revealed that the mutations modified agrin trafficking, leading to its accumulation in the soma and/or in the axon. Expression of mutant agrins in cultured cells demonstrated accumulation of agrin in the endoplasmic reticulum associated with induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and impaired secretion in the culture medium. Interestingly, evaluation of the specific activity of individual agrins on AChR cluster formation indicated that when secreted, mutant agrins retained a normal capacity to trigger the formation of AChR clusters. To confirm agrin accumulation and secretion defect, iPS cells were derived from a patient and differentiated into motoneurons. Patient iPS-derived motoneurons accumulated mutant agrin in the soma and increased XBP1 mRNA splicing, suggesting UPR activation. Moreover, co-cultures of patient iPS-derived motoneurons with myotubes confirmed the deficit in agrin secretion and revealed a reduction in motoneuron survival. Altogether, we report the first mutations in AGRN gene that specifically affect agrin secretion by motoneurons. Interestingly, the three patients carrying these mutations were initially suspected of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Therefore, in the presence of patients with a clinical presentation of SMA but without mutation in the SMN1 gene, it can be worth to look for mutations in AGRN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Neuropathologica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Severe congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by agrin mutations affecting secretion by motoneurons.
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  Data: Acta Neuropathologica; Oct2022, Vol. 144 Issue 4, p707-731, 25p
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MOTOR+neurons%22">MOTOR neurons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CONGENITAL+myasthenic+syndromes%22">CONGENITAL myasthenic syndromes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22UNFOLDED+protein+response%22">UNFOLDED protein response</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SPINAL+muscular+atrophy%22">SPINAL muscular atrophy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SECRETION%22">SECRETION</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22INDUCED+pluripotent+stem+cells%22">INDUCED pluripotent stem cells</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are predominantly characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability and can be caused by a variety of mutations in genes required for neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance. Among them, AGRN encodes agrin, an essential synaptic protein secreted by motoneurons. We have identified severe CMS patients with uncharacterized p.R1671Q, p.R1698P and p.L1664P mutations in the LG2 domain of agrin. Overexpression in primary motoneurons cultures in vitro and in chick spinal motoneurons in vivo revealed that the mutations modified agrin trafficking, leading to its accumulation in the soma and/or in the axon. Expression of mutant agrins in cultured cells demonstrated accumulation of agrin in the endoplasmic reticulum associated with induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and impaired secretion in the culture medium. Interestingly, evaluation of the specific activity of individual agrins on AChR cluster formation indicated that when secreted, mutant agrins retained a normal capacity to trigger the formation of AChR clusters. To confirm agrin accumulation and secretion defect, iPS cells were derived from a patient and differentiated into motoneurons. Patient iPS-derived motoneurons accumulated mutant agrin in the soma and increased XBP1 mRNA splicing, suggesting UPR activation. Moreover, co-cultures of patient iPS-derived motoneurons with myotubes confirmed the deficit in agrin secretion and revealed a reduction in motoneuron survival. Altogether, we report the first mutations in AGRN gene that specifically affect agrin secretion by motoneurons. Interestingly, the three patients carrying these mutations were initially suspected of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Therefore, in the presence of patients with a clinical presentation of SMA but without mutation in the SMN1 gene, it can be worth to look for mutations in AGRN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Acta Neuropathologica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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