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Epidemiology of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand.

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Title: Epidemiology of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand.
Authors: Tanpradit, Nae1 (AUTHOR), Thongdee, Metawee2 (AUTHOR), Sariya, Ladawan2 (AUTHOR), Paungpin, Weena2 (AUTHOR), Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Somjit2 (AUTHOR), Sirimanapong, Wanna1,3 (AUTHOR), Kasantikul, Tanit4 (AUTHOR), Phonarknguen, Rassameepen2 (AUTHOR), Punchukrang, Apichart5 (AUTHOR), Lekcharoen, Paisin6 (AUTHOR), Arya, Nlin7 (AUTHOR) nlin.ary@mahidol.edu
Source: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 11/27/2023, Vol. 65 Issue 1, p1-8. 8p.
Subject Terms: *CHLAMYDIA infections, *CROCODILES, *POULTRY farms, *AGRICULTURE, *EPIDEMIOLOGY, *JUVENILE diseases
Geographic Terms: THAILAND
Abstract: Background: Although Chlamydia sp. causes widespread disease outbreaks in juvenile crocodiles in Thailand, data regarding the epidemiology, and risk factors of such infections are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors associated with Chlamydia sp. infections on Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farms in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2019. Samples were collected from 40 farms across six regions in Thailand. Conjunctival, pharyngeal, and cloacal swab samples were analyzed for Chlamydiaceae nucleic acids using semi-nested PCR followed by phylogenetic analysis based on the ompA gene fragment. Risk factors of infection were analyzed using chi-square and univariate regression to calculate odds ratios. Results: The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection across all regions was 65%. The ompA phylogenetic analysis showed that Chlamydia sp. detected in this study was genetically closely related to Chlamydia crocodili and Chlamydia caviae. The risk factors for infection were water source, reusing treated wastewater from the treatment pond, not disposing of leftover food, low frequency of water replacement in the enclosure of juvenile crocodiles, and lack of water replacement after the death of a crocodile. Conclusion: The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed crocodiles in Thailand was 65% during the study period. Cloacal swabs were superior to conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs due to their higher sensitivity in detecting Chlamydia sp., as well as their lower invasiveness. Good management and biosecurity in crocodile farming can reduce the risk of Chlamydia sp. infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Epidemiology of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tanpradit%2C+Nae%22">Tanpradit, Nae</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thongdee%2C+Metawee%22">Thongdee, Metawee</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sariya%2C+Ladawan%22">Sariya, Ladawan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paungpin%2C+Weena%22">Paungpin, Weena</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan%2C+Somjit%22">Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Somjit</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sirimanapong%2C+Wanna%22">Sirimanapong, Wanna</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kasantikul%2C+Tanit%22">Kasantikul, Tanit</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Phonarknguen%2C+Rassameepen%22">Phonarknguen, Rassameepen</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Punchukrang%2C+Apichart%22">Punchukrang, Apichart</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lekcharoen%2C+Paisin%22">Lekcharoen, Paisin</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arya%2C+Nlin%22">Arya, Nlin</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> nlin.ary@mahidol.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Acta+Veterinaria+Scandinavica%22">Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica</searchLink>. 11/27/2023, Vol. 65 Issue 1, p1-8. 8p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CHLAMYDIA+infections%22">CHLAMYDIA infections</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CROCODILES%22">CROCODILES</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22POULTRY+farms%22">POULTRY farms</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22AGRICULTURE%22">AGRICULTURE</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22EPIDEMIOLOGY%22">EPIDEMIOLOGY</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22JUVENILE+diseases%22">JUVENILE diseases</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Although Chlamydia sp. causes widespread disease outbreaks in juvenile crocodiles in Thailand, data regarding the epidemiology, and risk factors of such infections are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors associated with Chlamydia sp. infections on Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farms in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2019. Samples were collected from 40 farms across six regions in Thailand. Conjunctival, pharyngeal, and cloacal swab samples were analyzed for Chlamydiaceae nucleic acids using semi-nested PCR followed by phylogenetic analysis based on the ompA gene fragment. Risk factors of infection were analyzed using chi-square and univariate regression to calculate odds ratios. Results: The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection across all regions was 65%. The ompA phylogenetic analysis showed that Chlamydia sp. detected in this study was genetically closely related to Chlamydia crocodili and Chlamydia caviae. The risk factors for infection were water source, reusing treated wastewater from the treatment pond, not disposing of leftover food, low frequency of water replacement in the enclosure of juvenile crocodiles, and lack of water replacement after the death of a crocodile. Conclusion: The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed crocodiles in Thailand was 65% during the study period. Cloacal swabs were superior to conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs due to their higher sensitivity in detecting Chlamydia sp., as well as their lower invasiveness. Good management and biosecurity in crocodile farming can reduce the risk of Chlamydia sp. infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1186/s13028-023-00713-x
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        Text: English
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