Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial.
| Title: | Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Stone, Matthew D.1 (AUTHOR), Mercincavage, Melissa2 (AUTHOR), Wileyto, E. Paul2 (AUTHOR), Tan, Andy S.L.3 (AUTHOR), Audrain-McGovern, Janet2 (AUTHOR), Villanti, Andrea C.4 (AUTHOR), Strasser, Andrew A.2 (AUTHOR) strasse3@pennmedicine.upenn.edu |
| Source: | BMC Public Health. 10/27/2023, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts, 1 Graph. |
| Subject Terms: | *WARNING labels, *CIGARETTE packaging, *NICOTINE replacement therapy, *SMOKING, *COLORS, *PUBLIC service advertising |
| Abstract: | Objective: Plain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations. Methods: Adult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior. Results: Warning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59–3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0–8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70–2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31–1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as 'safer' than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22–0.32). Conclusions: Pack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge. Trial registration: November 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stone%2C+Matthew+D%2E%22">Stone, Matthew D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mercincavage%2C+Melissa%22">Mercincavage, Melissa</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wileyto%2C+E%2E+Paul%22">Wileyto, E. Paul</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tan%2C+Andy+S%2EL%2E%22">Tan, Andy S.L.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Audrain-McGovern%2C+Janet%22">Audrain-McGovern, Janet</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villanti%2C+Andrea+C%2E%22">Villanti, Andrea C.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Strasser%2C+Andrew+A%2E%22">Strasser, Andrew A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> strasse3@pennmedicine.upenn.edu</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22BMC+Public+Health%22">BMC Public Health</searchLink>. 10/27/2023, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts, 1 Graph. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22WARNING+labels%22">WARNING labels</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CIGARETTE+packaging%22">CIGARETTE packaging</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NICOTINE+replacement+therapy%22">NICOTINE replacement therapy</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SMOKING%22">SMOKING</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COLORS%22">COLORS</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PUBLIC+service+advertising%22">PUBLIC service advertising</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Objective: Plain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations. Methods: Adult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior. Results: Warning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59–3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0–8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70–2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31–1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as 'safer' than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22–0.32). Conclusions: Pack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge. Trial registration: November 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of BMC Public Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1186/s12889-023-17024-5 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 12 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: WARNING labels Type: general – SubjectFull: CIGARETTE packaging Type: general – SubjectFull: NICOTINE replacement therapy Type: general – SubjectFull: SMOKING Type: general – SubjectFull: COLORS Type: general – SubjectFull: PUBLIC service advertising Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Stone, Matthew D. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mercincavage, Melissa – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wileyto, E. Paul – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tan, Andy S.L. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Audrain-McGovern, Janet – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Villanti, Andrea C. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Strasser, Andrew A. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 27 M: 10 Text: 10/27/2023 Type: published Y: 2023 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 14712458 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 23 – Type: issue Value: 1 Titles: – TitleFull: BMC Public Health Type: main |
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