Rapid Assessment of Fish Freshness for Multiple Supply-Chain Nodes Using Multi-Mode Spectroscopy and Fusion-Based Artificial Intelligence.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Rapid Assessment of Fish Freshness for Multiple Supply-Chain Nodes Using Multi-Mode Spectroscopy and Fusion-Based Artificial Intelligence.
Authors: Kashani Zadeh, Hossein1 (AUTHOR) hkashani@safetyspect.com, Hardy, Mike2 (AUTHOR), Sueker, Mitchell3 (AUTHOR), Li, Yicong2 (AUTHOR), Tzouchas, Angelis1 (AUTHOR), MacKinnon, Nicholas1 (AUTHOR), Bearman, Gregory1 (AUTHOR), Haughey, Simon A.2 (AUTHOR), Akhbardeh, Alireza1 (AUTHOR), Baek, Insuck4 (AUTHOR), Hwang, Chansong4 (AUTHOR), Qin, Jianwei4 (AUTHOR), Tabb, Amanda M.5 (AUTHOR), Hellberg, Rosalee S.5 (AUTHOR), Ismail, Shereen6 (AUTHOR), Reza, Hassan6 (AUTHOR), Vasefi, Fartash1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Moon4 (AUTHOR), Tavakolian, Kouhyar3 (AUTHOR), Elliott, Christopher T.2,7 (AUTHOR)
Source: Sensors (14248220). Jun2023, Vol. 23 Issue 11, p5149. 22p.
Subject Terms: *FISH spoilage, *K-nearest neighbor classification, *ARTIFICIAL intelligence, *FISHER discriminant analysis, *SPECTROMETRY, *SUPPORT vector machines
Abstract: This study is directed towards developing a fast, non-destructive, and easy-to-use handheld multimode spectroscopic system for fish quality assessment. We apply data fusion of visible near infra-red (VIS-NIR) and short wave infra-red (SWIR) reflectance and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy data features to classify fish from fresh to spoiled condition. Farmed Atlantic and wild coho and chinook salmon and sablefish fillets were measured. Three hundred measurement points on each of four fillets were taken every two days over 14 days for a total of 8400 measurements for each spectral mode. Multiple machine learning techniques including principal component analysis, self-organized maps, linear and quadratic discriminant analyses, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, support vector machine, and linear regression, as well as ensemble and majority voting methods, were used to explore spectroscopy data measured on fillets and to train classification models to predict freshness. Our results show that multi-mode spectroscopy achieves 95% accuracy, improving the accuracies of the FL, VIS-NIR and SWIR single-mode spectroscopies by 26, 10 and 9%, respectively. We conclude that multi-mode spectroscopy and data fusion analysis has the potential to accurately assess freshness and predict shelf life for fish fillets and recommend this study be expanded to a larger number of species in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22FISH+spoilage%22">FISH spoilage</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22K-nearest+neighbor+classification%22">K-nearest neighbor classification</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ARTIFICIAL+intelligence%22">ARTIFICIAL intelligence</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22FISHER+discriminant+analysis%22">FISHER discriminant analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SPECTROMETRY%22">SPECTROMETRY</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SUPPORT+vector+machines%22">SUPPORT vector machines</searchLink>
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  Data: This study is directed towards developing a fast, non-destructive, and easy-to-use handheld multimode spectroscopic system for fish quality assessment. We apply data fusion of visible near infra-red (VIS-NIR) and short wave infra-red (SWIR) reflectance and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy data features to classify fish from fresh to spoiled condition. Farmed Atlantic and wild coho and chinook salmon and sablefish fillets were measured. Three hundred measurement points on each of four fillets were taken every two days over 14 days for a total of 8400 measurements for each spectral mode. Multiple machine learning techniques including principal component analysis, self-organized maps, linear and quadratic discriminant analyses, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, support vector machine, and linear regression, as well as ensemble and majority voting methods, were used to explore spectroscopy data measured on fillets and to train classification models to predict freshness. Our results show that multi-mode spectroscopy achieves 95% accuracy, improving the accuracies of the FL, VIS-NIR and SWIR single-mode spectroscopies by 26, 10 and 9%, respectively. We conclude that multi-mode spectroscopy and data fusion analysis has the potential to accurately assess freshness and predict shelf life for fish fillets and recommend this study be expanded to a larger number of species in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Sensors (14248220) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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