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Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation.

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Title: Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation.
Authors: Gremski, Luiza Helena1 (AUTHOR), da Justa, Hanna Câmara1 (AUTHOR), Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta1 (AUTHOR), Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires1 (AUTHOR), Theodoro, João Lucas1 (AUTHOR), Wille, Ana Carolina Martins2 (AUTHOR), Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea1 (AUTHOR), Veiga, Silvio Sanches1 (AUTHOR) veigass@ufpr.br
Source: Toxins. Jan2023, Vol. 15 Issue 1, p17. 16p.
Subject Terms: *ACUTE kidney failure, *PHOSPHOLIPASES, *LOXOSCELES, *VENOM, *PATHOLOGICAL physiology, *SYMPTOMS, *SPIDER venom, *SPHINGOMYELINASE
Abstract: Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Toxins is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ACUTE+kidney+failure%22">ACUTE kidney failure</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PHOSPHOLIPASES%22">PHOSPHOLIPASES</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LOXOSCELES%22">LOXOSCELES</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22VENOM%22">VENOM</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PATHOLOGICAL+physiology%22">PATHOLOGICAL physiology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SYMPTOMS%22">SYMPTOMS</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SPIDER+venom%22">SPIDER venom</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SPHINGOMYELINASE%22">SPHINGOMYELINASE</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Toxins is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/toxins15010017
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 17
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: ACUTE kidney failure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: PHOSPHOLIPASES
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: LOXOSCELES
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: VENOM
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      – SubjectFull: PATHOLOGICAL physiology
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      – SubjectFull: SYMPTOMS
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: SPIDER venom
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: SPHINGOMYELINASE
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation.
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            NameFull: Gremski, Luiza Helena
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              Text: Jan2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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